Cell sub-magazine in-depth interpretation! The evolutionary mechanisms and mysteries of synapses!

, June 29, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --The easiest feature
to identify in any nervous system is synapses, and while the question of how synapses evolved has been a mystery for scientists, the problem has largely been solved, in short, synapses between neuronal cells appear to have evolved directly from the initial cell-to-cell contact, which connects the primitive epithelial layer of early multicellular organisms, and other bondssaying that the story of how the nervous system originated can be traced back to the origin of the multicellular itself, or at least the origin of the proximity to it, and the significance of this argument is far-reaching, although the exact details are still vague, but multicellular organisms evolved through cloning acquisition and merging events, in the simplest cases, divided cells replicate their DNA and divide cells in a normal wayMembranes, but self-contained cells will still adsorption, in the process of maturation of individual cells, with some temporary induction, a significant form of phenotype differentiation will quickly follow, and some child cells may quickly enter the normal adult form, while others will be permanently shelved in some new form of differentiationphoto source:Another way to form a multicellular is that independent cells with completely unique DNA are somehow connected together, and, strangely, the second mechanism still exists in a variety of existing agglomeration organisms, such as sticky bacteria and whipwormsAs a sister group of all post-living animals, choanoflagellates have received special attention from researchers, not only because of their flexible transition between single cells and colonialism, but also because they develop special cellular connections to control their state and polarity, and while aggregation is often considered a response to hunger and stress, there is another key component that links the behavior of these organisms to the nervous system more directlythe communication systems of neurons, the first evolution of their neurotransmitter systems, are now the answer to the question, with researcher Detlev Arendt detailing the full origins of the actual hardware of pre-contact synapses in a recent review published in the international journalCurrent Biology
, in which researchers listed the order in which the typical life-small molecular transfer system first appeared on the stage and recorded information about the structural matrixat the front of the synapses, the researchers divided it into three main parts, the active region of the vesicle release matrix, voltage-dependent calcium channel can convert the spike into a calcium-smooth state, SNAP/Snare/synaptic binding protein complex energy into the vesicle fusion state, especially in the synaptic protein During the evolutionary expansion process, it seems to play an important early role in the calcium regulatory transport of glycerin between cell membranes, once the vesicles form, these membrane packages inevitably contain hydrophilic proteins, but also may contain soluble peptides, these peptides will be excluded or otherwise imported into the inner membrane packageevolutionary records also show that some vesyllites already exist early in life, and that by adding appropriate receptors to the mixture, the composition of crude peptides and nucleotide transfer systems was mastered before the animal sehastIn the collar-whipworm, for example, secretion of small bubbles germinates from the trans-Gorky network and fuses with the primary membrane at the top, and a dense synaptic pre-vesicle secretion mechanism that is almost entirely calcium-sensitive during the secretion of many non-neurosecret cell typesIn addition to peptides and nucleotide transporters, the first is the modern amino acid neurotransmitter that appears to be glutamate, and the vesicle glutamate transporter (solutecarrier) in the SLC17A6-8 family is present in all animal bodies, including early branch sponges and placental animals The first heterogeneous amino acid transport vector (VIAAT-SLC32A1) appears to be for the intake of GABA and glycine, as it was present in the ancestors of hedgehogs, and subsequently evolved the vesicle-type acetylcholine transportprotein (VAChT-SLC18B3), which is currently present only in the bilateral body, and the researchers came up with an initial annual representation of glutamate at the synaptic back end, the researchers note that the modular structure may be more fluid than the protruding, although glutamate can be different from heterogeneous synapses in important aspects, but because of its complex spinal formation, this is often more complex than choline synapses; In inhibitory synapses, the receptor binds directly to the stent protein around the density-specific protein handle built before the synapse, while the nicotine acetylcholine receptor family is a melamine-free ion channel of the ligand gated, which is far from gabA and glycine receptors photo source: After glutamate synapses, Shank proteins can be connected to the actinskeleton through the cortex and form a mesh mechanism with a stent protein called Homer, and at one stage of evolution, the early glutamate synapses structure can be attached to an ancient silky protrusion module based on a stent protein called IRS p53
, which can be linked to the prominent pre-protruding, a combination that produces standard synapa patterns that we can still see today the main evidence of this joint study comes from the silky structure found in the top region of the whipworm and sponge collar cells containing IRSp53, which in fact retains residual microfluoric necks in many of the sensory and secreted epithelial cell types of later animals, such as the stable IRSp53-positive microfluff that can form the end of the haircells and form cells that are in contact with the spinal fluid deep in our ventricles late-evolved choline synapses appear to use the same glutamate stool, unlike the Homer and IRSp53 modules, whereas the inhibitory GABA and glycine synapses structures do not hold their ion-type receptors together or Shank, Homer or IRSp53 to the cell skeleton Instead, the researchers used a molecule called gephyrin, which, strangely, also plays a key, and sometimes mysterious, role at the top of a complex chain of co-factor synthesis researchers want to know how this ancient, widely expressed and critical synthetic protein gets the synaptic end structure, and that's the million-dollar problem we're facing right now, and perhaps the clues will soon be taken from the kind of systematic development altogether When researchers begin to look more closely at the many globulins and integrated proteins that hold things together at synapses, they may be able to directly observe how the vertical sequencing of the rigid top to base of the specific adhesion, cfound, and diaphragm-connected subtypes found in the most primitive organisms is a linear, polarized, axagenic domain that is now fixed in our own nervous system strictly speaking, tight connections will first appear in the ridge-slinkanimals, which are at the top of the adhesion, while the more elusive independent sections appear on both sides Interestingly, diaphragm junctions have only been unambiguously reported in invertebrates, with the exception of one place, the subsections of vertebrates (BioValleyBioon.com) References: 1 The evolution of the synapse
2 Detlev Arendt The Enby Assembly of Neuronal Machinery , Current Biology (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.008 .