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In recent years, the global cancer incidence has continued to increase, and the reasons for this are extremely complex
.
On the one hand, aging and cancer have a strong correlation, and the increase in incidence reflects the intensification of the aging of the global population; on the other hand, the "ravages" of cancer also represents the distribution of its main risk factors and changes in prevalence
.
Cancer as the main cause of death has become increasingly prominent in health problems
.
In 2015, a global map of cancer as the cause of death for people under 70
.
(Image source: CA) Do you think cancer is just "patronizing" the elderly? NO! Research data in recent years shows that cancer is showing a younger trend! Modern society brings young people's life pressure, staying up late, unhealthy eating, lack of exercise and other bad habits, as well as environmental pollution, etc.
, which will accelerate the unhealthy state of young people and even induce cancer
.
Compared with elderly patients, young cancer patients are often neglected, and it is easy to delay diagnosis and treatment due to neglect
.
Recently, a study published in the "The Lancet Oncology" sub-Journal "The Lancet Oncology" analyzed the global cancer situation in adolescents and young adults in 2019 and found that cancer has become an important cause of death
.
(Image source: The Lancet Oncology) Adolescents and young adults (hereinafter referred to as the young group) refers to a heterogeneous population composed of individuals aged 15-39
.
In the study, the researchers analyzed the results of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease, Injury and Risk Factors Study (GBD), with a focus on the results of the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) to inform young people about global cancer control measures
.
Overall, in 2019, there were 1.
19 million new cancer cases and 396,000 deaths from cancer in the young population
.
Younger cancers contribute 23.
5 million DALY to the global burden of disease
.
After suicide, violence, traffic accidents, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer has become the fourth leading cause of death among young people in the world
.
Death from cancer ranks fourth
.
(Image source: The Lancet Oncology) Among young patients, breast cancer (10.
6%), followed by brain cancer and central nervous system cancer (7.
4%), colon and rectal cancer (7.
0%) and gastric cancer (6.
7%) are The four separately categorized cancers that contribute the most to the DALY burden of young people in the world
.
If leukemia is regarded as a group, regardless of subtype, then leukemia will become the largest cancer with the global cancer burden, accounting for 12%
.
Cancer Burden Rankings (picture source: The Lancet Oncology) It can be seen that, with the development of society and the progress of the times, cancer has shown a two-way trend of "aging" and "younger"
.
So, should the treatment strategies for patients of different ages also evolve? Scientists have conducted in-depth exploration on this
.
A recent study published in "Cell Reports" entitled "Pan-cancer analysis reveals molecular patterns associated with age" shows that there are significant differences in the molecular characteristics of tumors in patient groups of different ages, and that young patients and elderly patients should be looked at Work is suffering from different diseases and undergoing different treatments
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) Researchers conducted a pan-cancer system analysis on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort to clarify the complex and unique characteristics of tumors in different age groups
.
The associations between age and clinical characteristics were then tested, such as tumor stage, gender, race, grade, histological type, and drinking and smoking status
.
Finally, 16 cancer types with significant differences between young and old patients were determined (as shown in the figure below)
.
Cancer type selection (picture source: Cell Reports) In this cancer list, researchers selected 6 types with the most obvious differences in gene expression between young and old patients: breast cancer (BRCA), uterine cancer (UCEC), and ovarian cancer ( OV), thyroid cancer (THCA) and lung cancer (LUSC), and glioma (LGG, a type of brain cancer) for in-depth research
.
Tumor gene expression and DNA methylation can be used to characterize the molecular age of the tumor
.
The researchers found that the phenotypes of these 6 tumors in young patients showed a dysregulated aging pattern: the biological age of the tumors in young patients was older than the actual age of matched non-cancerous tissues measured by markers (DNA methylation markers)
.
This phenomenon of "epigenetic age acceleration" of tumors is related to the increase of carcinogenic signals and cell stress
.
The difference between the age of DNA methylation and the actual age of the patient
.
AA: age-related tumor types; NAA: non-age-related tumor types
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) We all know that most human cancers are caused by genetic changes over the years
.
Researchers compared somatic mutations between young cancer patients and older cancer patients to understand age-related mutation patterns
.
The most common mutated genes in age-dependent cancers (AA) are TP53 (44%), PIK3CA (22%), PTEN (14%) and RYR2 (14%)
.
Gene pathway enrichment analysis shows that young cancer patients are related to defects in DNA damage repair pathways
.
Analysis of response pathways of mutant driver genes in young UCEC patients
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) In addition, compared with tumors of elderly patients, tumors of young patients also have more mutations related to aggressive diseases and contain more infiltrating immune cells, which indicates that younger patients will A stronger immune response to more fatal cancers
.
In immunology, the tumor tissue of young individuals is similar to aging healthy tissue
.
Age is correlated with total lymphocyte infiltration
.
The blue error bar is associated with increased infiltration in younger patients, and the yellow error bar is associated with increased infiltration in elderly patients
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) Subsequently, the researchers used the drug-gene interaction database to conduct drug surveys to find one or several gene therapies that specifically solve the tumor problems of young patients
.
They were pleasantly surprised to find several promising matching drugs for young patients with uterine cancer, such as: PARP inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib, rapamycin target protein (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus, JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib and PD-1 immunity Pembrolizumab, a checkpoint inhibitor, may be a good candidate for targeted therapy
.
Popular drugs for young patients with uterine cancer
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) "For the same type of cancer, younger patients usually live longer than older patients.
This finding inspired us to study age-related genetic differences in tumors
.
" Co-first author Akanksha Verma Said the doctor
.
Normally, the study of cancer molecular characteristics and age-related differences is conducted in one type of tumor, such as breast cancer
.
And this study is the first to investigate age-related differences in tumor characteristics in a wide range of cancers
.
In summary, this study conveyed a new concept to people: future cancer treatment plans should be adjusted according to the age of the patient, and patients of different ages should be treated differently in the treatment
.
With the development of technology and medical treatment, a variety of anti-cancer methods have emerged, and cancer is no longer an "incurable disease"
.
We look forward to more clinical therapies entering the public's field of vision and bringing hope to cancer patients! References [1] The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
Lancet Oncol.
2021 Dec 3: S1470-2045(21)00581-7.
DOI: 10.
1016/ S1470-2045(21)00581-7.
[2] Pan-cancer analysis reveals molecular patterns associated with age.
Cell Rep.
2021 Dec 7;37(10):110100.
DOI: 10.
1016/j.
celrep.
2021.
110100.
Written by | Leyi Editor | Swagpp click "Read the original text" below to participate in the questionnaire survey and win 100%!
.
On the one hand, aging and cancer have a strong correlation, and the increase in incidence reflects the intensification of the aging of the global population; on the other hand, the "ravages" of cancer also represents the distribution of its main risk factors and changes in prevalence
.
Cancer as the main cause of death has become increasingly prominent in health problems
.
In 2015, a global map of cancer as the cause of death for people under 70
.
(Image source: CA) Do you think cancer is just "patronizing" the elderly? NO! Research data in recent years shows that cancer is showing a younger trend! Modern society brings young people's life pressure, staying up late, unhealthy eating, lack of exercise and other bad habits, as well as environmental pollution, etc.
, which will accelerate the unhealthy state of young people and even induce cancer
.
Compared with elderly patients, young cancer patients are often neglected, and it is easy to delay diagnosis and treatment due to neglect
.
Recently, a study published in the "The Lancet Oncology" sub-Journal "The Lancet Oncology" analyzed the global cancer situation in adolescents and young adults in 2019 and found that cancer has become an important cause of death
.
(Image source: The Lancet Oncology) Adolescents and young adults (hereinafter referred to as the young group) refers to a heterogeneous population composed of individuals aged 15-39
.
In the study, the researchers analyzed the results of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease, Injury and Risk Factors Study (GBD), with a focus on the results of the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) to inform young people about global cancer control measures
.
Overall, in 2019, there were 1.
19 million new cancer cases and 396,000 deaths from cancer in the young population
.
Younger cancers contribute 23.
5 million DALY to the global burden of disease
.
After suicide, violence, traffic accidents, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer has become the fourth leading cause of death among young people in the world
.
Death from cancer ranks fourth
.
(Image source: The Lancet Oncology) Among young patients, breast cancer (10.
6%), followed by brain cancer and central nervous system cancer (7.
4%), colon and rectal cancer (7.
0%) and gastric cancer (6.
7%) are The four separately categorized cancers that contribute the most to the DALY burden of young people in the world
.
If leukemia is regarded as a group, regardless of subtype, then leukemia will become the largest cancer with the global cancer burden, accounting for 12%
.
Cancer Burden Rankings (picture source: The Lancet Oncology) It can be seen that, with the development of society and the progress of the times, cancer has shown a two-way trend of "aging" and "younger"
.
So, should the treatment strategies for patients of different ages also evolve? Scientists have conducted in-depth exploration on this
.
A recent study published in "Cell Reports" entitled "Pan-cancer analysis reveals molecular patterns associated with age" shows that there are significant differences in the molecular characteristics of tumors in patient groups of different ages, and that young patients and elderly patients should be looked at Work is suffering from different diseases and undergoing different treatments
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) Researchers conducted a pan-cancer system analysis on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort to clarify the complex and unique characteristics of tumors in different age groups
.
The associations between age and clinical characteristics were then tested, such as tumor stage, gender, race, grade, histological type, and drinking and smoking status
.
Finally, 16 cancer types with significant differences between young and old patients were determined (as shown in the figure below)
.
Cancer type selection (picture source: Cell Reports) In this cancer list, researchers selected 6 types with the most obvious differences in gene expression between young and old patients: breast cancer (BRCA), uterine cancer (UCEC), and ovarian cancer ( OV), thyroid cancer (THCA) and lung cancer (LUSC), and glioma (LGG, a type of brain cancer) for in-depth research
.
Tumor gene expression and DNA methylation can be used to characterize the molecular age of the tumor
.
The researchers found that the phenotypes of these 6 tumors in young patients showed a dysregulated aging pattern: the biological age of the tumors in young patients was older than the actual age of matched non-cancerous tissues measured by markers (DNA methylation markers)
.
This phenomenon of "epigenetic age acceleration" of tumors is related to the increase of carcinogenic signals and cell stress
.
The difference between the age of DNA methylation and the actual age of the patient
.
AA: age-related tumor types; NAA: non-age-related tumor types
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) We all know that most human cancers are caused by genetic changes over the years
.
Researchers compared somatic mutations between young cancer patients and older cancer patients to understand age-related mutation patterns
.
The most common mutated genes in age-dependent cancers (AA) are TP53 (44%), PIK3CA (22%), PTEN (14%) and RYR2 (14%)
.
Gene pathway enrichment analysis shows that young cancer patients are related to defects in DNA damage repair pathways
.
Analysis of response pathways of mutant driver genes in young UCEC patients
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) In addition, compared with tumors of elderly patients, tumors of young patients also have more mutations related to aggressive diseases and contain more infiltrating immune cells, which indicates that younger patients will A stronger immune response to more fatal cancers
.
In immunology, the tumor tissue of young individuals is similar to aging healthy tissue
.
Age is correlated with total lymphocyte infiltration
.
The blue error bar is associated with increased infiltration in younger patients, and the yellow error bar is associated with increased infiltration in elderly patients
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) Subsequently, the researchers used the drug-gene interaction database to conduct drug surveys to find one or several gene therapies that specifically solve the tumor problems of young patients
.
They were pleasantly surprised to find several promising matching drugs for young patients with uterine cancer, such as: PARP inhibitors olaparib and rucaparib, rapamycin target protein (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus, JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib and PD-1 immunity Pembrolizumab, a checkpoint inhibitor, may be a good candidate for targeted therapy
.
Popular drugs for young patients with uterine cancer
.
(Image source: Cell Reports) "For the same type of cancer, younger patients usually live longer than older patients.
This finding inspired us to study age-related genetic differences in tumors
.
" Co-first author Akanksha Verma Said the doctor
.
Normally, the study of cancer molecular characteristics and age-related differences is conducted in one type of tumor, such as breast cancer
.
And this study is the first to investigate age-related differences in tumor characteristics in a wide range of cancers
.
In summary, this study conveyed a new concept to people: future cancer treatment plans should be adjusted according to the age of the patient, and patients of different ages should be treated differently in the treatment
.
With the development of technology and medical treatment, a variety of anti-cancer methods have emerged, and cancer is no longer an "incurable disease"
.
We look forward to more clinical therapies entering the public's field of vision and bringing hope to cancer patients! References [1] The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
Lancet Oncol.
2021 Dec 3: S1470-2045(21)00581-7.
DOI: 10.
1016/ S1470-2045(21)00581-7.
[2] Pan-cancer analysis reveals molecular patterns associated with age.
Cell Rep.
2021 Dec 7;37(10):110100.
DOI: 10.
1016/j.
celrep.
2021.
110100.
Written by | Leyi Editor | Swagpp click "Read the original text" below to participate in the questionnaire survey and win 100%!
