Brazilian rubber

is the only cultivated species in the rainforest trees, the name Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex. A.Juss.) Muell. Arg.。 Commonly known as rubber, rubber trees.Brazilian rubber has the advantages of high yield, good quality, long economic life, easy to pick glue, fast latex regeneration and so on, for the world's large-scale planting of rubber tree species. The natural rubber produced by the latex produced by its bark is a polymer of isoprene. Rubber has been able to make more than 70,000 kinds of products, and steel, oil, coal, known as the four important industrial raw materials, but also important strategic materials. Natural rubber has good elasticity, insulation, strong elongation, but also has a better waterproof, air tightness and wear resistance, mainly used in the manufacture of aircraft, automobiles and other means of delivery tires. Seeds contain cyanic acid, highly toxic, can not be eaten, oil content of 22-25%. Oil is semi-dry oil, can be used as paint, soap and alicyl resin and other raw materials, refined edible, has the effect of reducing blood lipids. Fruit shells can make activated carbon, aldehyde, etc. Wood light, beautiful pattern, good processing performance, chemical treatment can be made after high-level furniture, fiberboard, plywood, pulp and so on.trees, 20-40m high. The main root conical, side root rotation, the first round from the ground 10-20cm, for the main absorption root, the second round from the ground more than 40cm, the main supporting role. Leaves, three out of the compound leaves, small leaf oval or inverted egg shape, leather, full edge, flower monoga sex, male and female, conical flower sequence; Male flowers are small,fruit, often contains three seeds, medium peel wood, hard. Seeds oval, brown,fruit ripening consequence shell automatically bursts, ejecting the seeds.gum trees usually bloom twice a year, with the northern hemisphere's main flowering season from March to April, the second from May to June, and sometimes the third flower season from August to September, and the southern hemisphere's main flower season from August to September. It takes about 4.5-5 months for the fruit to ripen after fertilization, and the northern hemisphere has its first fruit ripening from August to September each year. In general, the second and third results are less.the selection and breeding of gum trees are generally divided into asexual selection and sexual breeding. The former aims at obtaining a good asexual system, while the latter aims at obtaining a good asexual system.asexual system selection in different environmental areas to arrange adaptive area tests, each asexual system generally more than 300 plants, 3-5 times repeated. After cutting the glue for 5 years to carry out yield by-character identification, selected excellent asexual system for small-scale planting (6-7-10ha per asexual species), and then cut for 5 years, is still a good seed, medium-scale planting (each asexual system accounted for 20-30% of the area of new implants in the adaptation area), recycled leather cutting glue performance is good, large-scale planting.Have sex breeding will be the hybrid parent of the sexual line repeated hybridization, with the resulting seeds into 200-300 seedlings, to participate in the advanced sexual system comparative test, cutting glue for 5 years, and then selected excellent performance of the sexual line, you can use its parent to plant double asexual seed garden, the production of natural pollination seeds, as a good planting material for production and use.China used asexual flower medicine to cultivate
tation tube
seedlings, in 1977 obtained units and double plants, planted in the field, has been formally cut in 1984. Artificially induced parent pollen chromosomes doubled, and then and double mother pollination, contemporary can obtain the parent's character strengthening of the purer triple body, this method reached the world's advanced level.Cultivation measures when seeding, seedling, sprouting fruit skin yellow, the seeds are ripe, you can harvest seeds, seeds endless eye period, in the indoor storage for half a month, germination rate decreased by 40%, storage for one month, decreased by more than 60%. It's best to follow. First in the sand bed shallow germination, bed surface to maintain moisture, after 20 days of germination rate generally up to 80-90%. When the seedling is 5-10cm high, the seeded seedling is moved into the seedling bed, which is
organic
fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer as the base fertilizer. Plant distance is generally 30-40cm, 4500 plants per hectare, often water, pay attention to the application of liquid fertilizer. Grow for more than a year and use as a birch. It is generally advisable to shoot in May-October. When the buds are picked up, the buds are grounded up at 2cm off the ground, the bud slices are peeled from the asexual bud strip, the wood parts on the buds are removed, the buds are peeled off, the buds are inserted into the buds, and then the bark (abdominal sac skin) is covered with a small section of coconut leaves, tied with a hemp rope. General buds are untied 21 days after the pick-up. After 7-10 days after the bud slices live, the birch is sawn off at the upper end of the bud joint 5cm (green buds are 25cm), at any time to remove the buds of the birch, so that the buds on the buds will germinate.to reclaim and plant planting, we should first choose suitable forest land. Suitable for the region is the annual average temperature of 26-27 degrees C, and there is no absolute minimum temperature below 15 degrees C; -30cm, containing more than 3% of the body, soil pH4.5-5.5, water table 1.5-2m or more, altitude generally below 300m, no wind, vegetation with the best forest land.china's wind-damaged and arid areas should be created protective forests, grid size in heavy wind damage areas of 0.66-1.33ha, light wind damage areas of 2-2.66ha. The main forest belt is perpendicular to the main wind direction, 15-20m wide, and the sub-forest belt is parallel to the main wind direction and 8-10m wide. When reclamation, flat land can be marked with a cross, and the hilly land must be repaired with equal high terraces. Plant distance 2-4m, line distance 6-10m, 405-600 plants per hectare. Dig after the calibration, the cave surface 80×80cm, 70cm deep, bottom 60×60cm. The surface soil is re-cavited and the organic fertilizer and phosphorus ore powder are used as base fertilizer.the bud pile of the planting material (1) and after the bud has been sawn dry, the bud has been sprouted.(2) bagged sprouts. In the bud piles planted in large plastic bags, the buds that grow into two poncho leaves or are broadcast live in small plastic bags in the rich soil;(3) high-cut dried buds. In the nursery growth of about two years, stem circumference of more than 10cm, wood hydration height of more than 2m cut-off buds.(4) excellent seedlings. Artificial pollination seedlings or isolated seed gardens, seeds grow into live seedlings, cut dry at 30 cm off the ground. the plantation management after the planting of the seedlings, the planting tape can be artificial or
grabicide
glyphosate to kill weeds, around the gum tree or the entire plant tape to cover the grass (dead cover). The seedlings were planted from the beginning to cut the gum for the young tree period, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer were mainly used. Its weight ratio, the early stage is 1:1, the middle and late stage is 2:1 (the folding of ammonium sulfate 0.5 kg per year, calcium per phosphate 0.25 kg), the cutting period fertilization, appropriate increase of nitrogen fertilizer. Generally, ammonium sulfate is used 1kg per year, calcium per phosphate 0.5kg, potassium chloride 0.3kg. Each plant is also fertile with more than 10 kg of organic fertilizer each year. It is best to fertilize the disease using leaf mineral nutrition diagnosis, including magnesium fertilizer and trace amounts of non-vegetarian fertilizer. in China, important diseases are: (1) white powder disease, pathogenoid Oidium heveae. Mainly for the harm of young leaves and flower sequence, causing a large number of deciduous leaves, delaying the cut of glue in the year, reduce dry glue production. Severely ill leaves are covered with powder spots, wrinkled and yellowed, and finally fall off. Infected flowers are dense with white powder, which causes the seedlings to fall off and the branches to wither. Prevention and control measures include: winter removal of fallen trees infected with the tender ends, retained tender ends sprayed with sulfur powder. 20% of plants before leaf-pumping, found the central disease plant or central disease area, timely local powder prevention and control; (2) ulcer disease, pathogen Phytophthora Palmivora, P.meadii. At the beginning of the disease, one to several or even dozens of vertical black line disease marks appear on the new cutting surface, deep into the woody part. The black line expands or fuses to form a shift or plaque. Extended disease spots, the surface often has tear-like gel, under the skin has gel blocks. Untreated spots, which expand rapidly during low temperatures, cause large chunks of cut bark to fester. In the rainy season, the tree body does not dry do not cut glue, or in the high cut line cutting glue is the basic prevention and control measures. Cut 1-2 knives during the rainy season, apply 1% ethyl phosphorus aluminum (or 0.4% virulent mold, 1% enemy bacteria dan, 1% enemy kesong water agent), every 7-10 days to apply 7% ethyl phosphorus aluminum or 1% revenant mildew release agent. (3) red root disease, the pathogen Ganoderma pseudoferreum. After the disease, the leaves become smaller, lack of luster, color turns yellow and shrinks. The canopy is sparse, the trunk shrinks or a ditch appears at the base of the trunk and eventually dies. Prevention: When open or updated, remove the original stumps and roots mechanically or manually. When planting the selection of disease-free seedlings, after planting every year to check and trace the source of the disease, found the disease strain, to expose the root system, remove the dead root and scrape the root of the disease. (4) monsoon deciduous disease, pathogenic bacteria and the same as strip ulcer disease. Old leaves, tender leaves, gels and twigs can all suffer. Old leaf disease, large leaf handle appears water-stained disease marks, in 1-2 drops of white gel. Seriously ill trees, old mature leaves a large number of fall off, tender back to dry, new leaves are difficult to grow, dry glue production reduced by 30-50%. Prevention and control methods: nurseries and young trees sprayed 1% Bordeaux liquid, elderly trees sprayed with copper-containing oil, but to prevent the contamination of latex by copper. few gum tree pests. The black ash saissitia nigro, for the harm of leaves and branches, nurseries with termites and rats. In Brazil, the cassava fern Erinnyis ello is an important pest, eating large quantities of tender leaves, and in local outbreaks, eating the young leaves of whole gum trees, causing great damage. cutting glue generally open cutting new forest section, the number of plants with a stem circumference of 50cm accounts for more than 50% of the total number of plants in the forest section, that is, to reach the cut standard. The cutting line is tilted from left to right (bud tree 25 degrees-30 degrees, live tree 22-25 degrees), the length is half of the tree week, the lower end of the cutting line is 130 cm from the bud tree joint point or 50 cm from the root of the live tree. Each cut off the bark thickness of 0.12-0.15cm, depth away from the wood part 0.11-0.20cm, not cut to form a layer. The native skin can be cut for about 10 years. The regenerative skin of the cutting surface is restored to its original thickness after 7-8 years, and the glue can be cut. conventional cutting system for single-cut line, 1/2 tree week, cut once every other day, the strength is set at 100% (international symbol S/2.d/2.100%). High-yielding tree cutting the first two years should be appropriate to reduce the strength of cutting glue, the use of single-cut line system, 1/2 tree week, 3 days cut once, the intensity of 67% (international symbol S/2.d/3.67%). In China, honest and low-yielding bud trees can also be used. the highest puffing in the body of the gum tree, so the early morning cutting yield is higher. In China, glue is cut for 6-9 months a year. It is best to fully cut after 15-20 days of stable 95% rubber leaf poncho in the forest section. In winter, when the temperature is below 15 degrees C before 8 a.m., cutting should be temporarily stopped, or more than 50% of the gum leaves yellow leaves should be stopped completely. The cutting glue is in the tree position unit, that is, a cutting gluer should complete the cutting glue and the fixed number of glue collection plants in one day. There are about 500 trees abroad and 250-300 in China. The cutting tool is a glue knife, there are two kinds of push knife and pull knife. 41 countries and regions in the world grow gum trees, mainly distributed between 10 degrees S-15 degrees N, the country with the largest production of dry glue is Malaysia, followed by Indonesia and Thailand. 。