[BMC] How important is the "communication" between the gut microbiota and the immune system?

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Author: Liz Zee Guide: An international research team has discovered a new connection between certain molecules produced by the microbiome and the function of proteins that affect intestinal inflammation
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This discovery allowed researchers from the University of Bath and the University of Massachusetts School of Medicine (UMass Chan) to understand the relationship between a good balance of gut microbes and the human immune system and gut health
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This also increases the possibility of discovering new treatments for inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
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The research paper was published in "Microbiome", entitled "Gut microbiota regulation of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal epithelium in maintenance of homeostasis"
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The two types of molecules identified by the authors of the study are short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids
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Researchers have not yet determined how these molecules affect the production of P-gp (P-glycoprotein)
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They plan to study the role of these molecules in gene and protein regulation in future work
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Only when certain microorganisms obtain conditions suitable for growth in the microbiome, these two molecules can exist in healthy amounts in the intestine
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These microorganisms help digest food elements such as fiber and green leafy vegetables
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Researchers’ findings support growing evidence that the health of a person’s microbiota and the overall health of the body are closely related to diet
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The gut microbiota varies from person to person, but overall, a proper balance of key microorganisms is related to a healthy gut
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This balance will be broken due to changes in diet
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In particular, Western diets with high monosaccharides and fat content and low plant protein content are related to the decrease in the number of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids in the intestines
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The protein that enables the intestine to talk to the immune system For many years, P-gp (the protein studied in this study) has been a protein of interest in cancer research because it can expel chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells, thereby reducing drug resistance.
The ability of the tumor
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However, the mechanism that makes P-gp problematic in the treatment of certain cancers also makes P-gp help the intestinal tract maintain a balance of the internal environment (that is, a balanced state that inhibits chronic inflammation)
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In the past 10 years, scientists have realized that P-gp plays a key role in protecting the surface of the intestine by expelling foreign substances including toxins
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High levels of protein are related to a healthy intestine
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In inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, the expression of P-gp appears to be reduced
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However, although the role of P-gp has been understood to a certain extent, the mechanism of its expression and regulation is still unclear
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The findings of this new study, combined with previous work by UMass Chan, explain how the microbiota affects P-gp expression
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This provides us with an insight into the key aspects of the microbiota and an important understanding of how it regulates intestinal health and disease
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In an early study of inflammatory bowel disease, research teams from the United States and the United Kingdom proved that P-gp releases anti-inflammatory compounds into the intestine
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These molecules, called endocannabinoids, are chemically similar to cannabis, but are produced by the human body and are the key to controlling intestinal inflammation
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If these endocannabinoids are reduced or absent, inflammation may break out
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The molecules discovered in the new study prompted P-gp to release those very important endocannabinoid molecules
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The research was led by UMass Chan graduate students Sage Foley and Beth McCormick, and graduate students Merran Dunford and Randy Mrsny from the Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology at the University of Bath.
Based on the team’s previous research, the study proved the anti-inflammatory P- How does the gp pathway maintain balance with the pro-inflammatory process
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In the absence of infection, the anti-inflammatory P-gp pathway is active to suppress unnecessary inflammation, while the pro-inflammatory pathway is ready to initiate an immune response to prevent intestinal infections
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The team’s findings provide new opportunities for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases
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Potential future treatments may include delivering specific bacteria or bacterial products to the human intestine, or changing diet to support the microbiome to promote or maintain P-gp expression in the intestine, thereby preventing unnecessary inflammation
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Inflammatory bowel disease is related to genetic and environmental conditions, including (but not limited to) diet, exercise, life>
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Ulcerative colitis is the most common inflammatory bowel disease in the world, and it is an incurable chronic debilitating disease
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Symptoms include abdominal pain, severe cramps, persistent diarrhea or constipation, weight loss, and severe intestinal inflammation
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Although current treatment methods can reduce inflammation and symptoms, there is currently no available method to treat the underlying disease
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Ms.
Dunford said: "The result of this study is that we now know that specific molecules produced by the microbiome bacteria related to P-gp act synergistically to stimulate P-gp to increase the release of endocannabinoid molecules, thereby inhibiting intestinal inflammation.

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"Ms.
Foley added:" we are pleased to find that not only there is a link between the gut microbiome and the regulation of intestinal P-gp in, and in fact two types of microbial molecules interact to trigger the expression of P-gp
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" Commenting on this study, Ruth Wakeman said that they “welcome research that helps to deepen the understanding of how environmental factors, diet, and gut microbes affect diseases such as Crohn’s disease and colitis
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We hope that this type of research will be useful in the future.
We bring improved new treatment management methods
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"Reference: https://microbiomejournal.
biomedcentral.
com/articles/10.
1186/s40168-021-01137-3 Note: This article aims to introduce medical research progress and cannot be used as a treatment plan Reference
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If you need health guidance, please go to a regular hospital
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