Biovalley recommendation: Top 10 heavyweight studies that must be seen in December

In the twinkling of an eye, December is coming to an end What are the highlights of this month's research that we should learn more about? According to the type, heat and research field of this month's news, the editor has selected the top 10 of this month's heavyweight research, and we will learn together Photo source: cc0 public domain [1] NAT cell biol: a new combined fist therapy is expected to treat pancreatic cancer doi: 10.1038/s41556-019-0415-1 recently, a research report published in the international journal Nature Cell Biology, from Sanford Burnham Scientists from prebys Institute of medical discovery have identified a combination of two anticancer compounds, which may effectively promote the atrophy of pancreatic tumors in mice This may support the direct evaluation of the drug in clinical trials Previously, FDA approved the combination for the treatment of some leukemia and solid tumors, including Melanoma, etc Dr ze'ev Ronai, researcher, said that the treatment of pancreatic cancer is lagging behind because of the lack of effective treatment to attack the tumor tissue In this study, we identified a potential combination of therapies that may be used to help protect against malignant pancreatic cancer Currently, researchers are working with the University of health and Science of Oregon tumor The scientists discussed how to use this new method in clinical evaluation Pancreatic cancer is a kind of fatal cancer, which is usually difficult to diagnose, because the symptoms of the disease will not appear until the patients enter the late stage of the disease, such as abdominal pain, yellow skin and eyes, weight loss and so on Less than 10% of pancreatic cancer patients can survive for more than five years According to the American Cancer Society, more than 56000 Americans will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2019 【2】 BJD: how much sunlight does it take to prevent melanoma? These 22 genes will tell you! Doi: 10.1111/bjd.18703 recently, in a research report published in the international journal British Journal of psychiatry, scientists from qimr berghofer Medical Research Institute in Australia found that 22 different genes may help determine how much sunlight a person can receive before suffering from melanoma For the population with higher genetic risk, sunlight exposure in childhood is an important pathogenic factor, while the population with lower genetic risk will develop melanoma only after a lifetime of sunlight exposure Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer in the world Every year, more than 12000 people are diagnosed with invasive melanoma, which is a kind of malignant skin cancer Professor David Whiteman, researcher, said that in this study, we used qskin Data from the sexual research project (SRP) provide insight into how genes and sunlight affect a person's risk of melanoma The results show that people who carry the gene of skin cancer are only moderately exposed to the sunny climate in Australia, and the risk of melanoma is increased by 50% for people born and growing in Australia, while people who move to Australia in adulthood with the same gene are not likely to suffer from melanoma 【3】 JMC: breakthrough! Scientists have found a new drug doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00326, which can effectively treat a variety of "refractory" cancers A new drug named "targeting DNA repair in tumor cells via infection of" was published in the International Journal of medical chemistry In ERCC1 – XPF Research Report, scientists from the University of Alberta have found a new kind of drug, which can make cancer therapy more safe and effective by inhibiting cancer cells to self repair Researcher Fred For patients with tolerable cancer, the new drug may improve their prognosis by treating these refractory cancers again, while for patients without tolerable cancer, it can help them to accept a lower level and safe dose of chemotherapy, which can effectively reduce the serious side effects of multiple chemotherapy on their bodies, Dr West said Now 【4】 Immunity: to clarify the mechanism of T cell depletion is expected to improve cancer immunotherapy doi: 10.1016/j.immunity.2019.11.002 Recently, in a research report published in the international journal immunology, scientists from Emory University provided new clues on how to improve cancer immunotherapy by studying the "exhausted" immune cells caused by chronic virus infection; in the article, researchers studied the exhausted CD8 in mice T cell research, when there is persistent virus infection or cancer, CD8 T cell will lose the ability to resist the disease, at the same time, it will show the inhibitory checkpoint protein on its surface, such as PD-1, PD-1 can be targeted by cancer immunotherapy drugs, such as pemmab and navumab, which can promote CD8 T cells regain the ability to attack and kill infected cells and cancer At present, these drugs have been approved by FDA to treat many types of cancer However, some tumors do not respond to them Research on depleted CD8 T cells can help understand how to use their own immune system to resist cancer or chronic infection In previous studies, researchers have found that depleted cells are not all the same, and the diversity of depleted T cell pools may help explain the variability of the body's response to cancer immunotherapy; in particular, researchers have observed a class of stem cells Like cells, which can continuously proliferate to respond to PD-1 blockers, and a more differentiated depleted cell population will remain inactive These stem cell like cells can maintain depleted T cell populations, but will not kill virus infected cells or tumor cells 【5】 Circulation: smoking will change the intestinal flora Quitting smoking will also change the intestinal flora Smoking or quitting smoking? Doi: 10.1161/circ.140.suppl_.9944 recently, a research report published in the international journal Circulation, scientists from the American Heart Association found that quitting smoking may cause significant changes in the intestinal flora of the body, and researchers revealed the relationship between the intestinal flora and the cardiovascular health of the body Previous studies have shown that smoking reduces the diversity of beneficial bacteria in the gut In this study, researchers studied 26 people who tried to quit smoking, and analyzed the fecal samples of participants at the beginning of the study, two weeks later and 12 weeks later; researcher Marcus Sublette said that quitting smoking may change the intestinal microflora of the body Now we know that smoking will change the intestinal microflora In this study, researchers found that quitting smoking will continue to change the intestinal microflora, so is it good or bad? The results showed that the improvement of intestinal flora diversity was related to the decrease of heart rate, systolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein (the level of which will increase when inflammation occurs), and the level of hemoglobin All of these changes are indirect indicators of the improvement of the body's health At the same time, the researchers also speculate that whether the intestinal microbiome is related to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease? They found that people who quit smoking had lower levels of scleroderma bacteria in their intestines and higher levels of Bacteroides, which previous studies suggested might be a way to reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity Photo source: Tom mistrelli, Ph.D., and Karen meaburn, Ph.D at the NIH IRP [6] JCI insight: after 20 years! Scientists have finally elucidated the mechanism of action of trastuzumab! Doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.131882 in the past 20 years, although trastuzumab can dramatically treat HER2 positive breast cancer patients, researchers are not clear about the fine molecular mechanism behind its role; recently, an international journal JCI In the Research Report on insight, scientists from Duke University tracked the molecular mechanism of the drug's effective inhibition of tumor growth by using a mouse model Relevant research findings are expected to help develop new methods to enhance the activity of the drug and effectively inhibit the production and tolerance of cancer cells Researcher Zachary Professor Hartman said that trastuzumab is a special antibody targeting the HER2 oncogene, which has become the main treatment for about 20% of breast cancer patients; it can be said to be the most successful antibody therapy for solid tumors However, there are many different explanations in the scientific community on how trastuzumab works as an anti-cancer drug A good understanding of the mechanism of action of the drug is expected to help scientists develop new and efficient strategies to treat different types of cancer 【7】 Cancer: watch out! Even a small amount of alcohol will increase the risk of cancer doi: 10.1002/cncr.32590 recently, a research report published in the international journal Cancer, scientists from Tokyo University and other institutions found that even a small or moderate amount of alcohol will increase the risk of cancer, and the overall risk of cancer seems to be the lowest among people with zero alcohol intake Although studies have linked limited alcohol consumption to a lower risk of certain types of cancer, in general, small to moderate alcohol consumption is directly related to an increased risk of cancer in the body To study this problem, researchers conducted a study in Japan, analyzing information from 33 general hospitals in 2005-2016, and 63232 cancer patients and 63232 cancer patients All participants reported their average daily alcohol consumption and drinking time, that is, a standard drink containing 23 grams of ethanol is equivalent to a cup of 180 ml (6 oz) Japanese sake, a bottle of 500 ml (17 oz) beer and a cup of 180 ml (6 oz) Japanese sake (6 oz) of wine or 60 ml (2 oz) of whisky 【8】 Immunity: the new vaccine strategy has successfully induced the anti HIV broad neutralizing antibody doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.008 For a long time, scientists have realized that in order to eliminate HIV as a major public health threat, humans need a low-cost preventive vaccine for the uninfected However, the rapid mutation rate of HIV and other strategies to avoid immune attack make the design of such vaccines extremely difficult In a new study, the Scripps Institute and the nonprofit Vaccine Research Organization International AIDS vaccine The IAVI researchers report that an experimental HIV vaccine they have developed has reached an important milestone: it can trigger the production of antibodies - so-called broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) - that neutralize a variety of HIV strains, and the relevant research results have recently been published in the Journal of immunology The core of the vaccine design is a virus mimic protein based on HIV Env protein Normally, multiple copies of the shrubby Env protein are scattered on the surface of each spherical HIV particle The molecular structure of each Env protein allows it to bind to a receptor called CD4 located on the surface of immune cells and use this receptor as a portal to invade cells Wyatt and his regiment