Behavioural Brain Research: Excellent competitive swimmers exhibit higher cortal inhibition and better sensory motor skills in the water environment.

Long-term specific experiences can lead to specific neurological and behavioral changes.
, for example, when you practice rehearsing with only a tennis racket, the movement of the tennis player's primary sports cortary (M1) becomes clearer and activation increases.
the water environment causes peripheral reactions (e.g., increased venous throes and reduced anti-gravity muscle activity) and central reactions (e.g., increased cerebral blood flow and sensory motor activity).
Competitive swimmers with long-term training experience in the water environment feel more about passive movement in the water than new swimmers, which may explain why the tactile sensory input of water induces a neuroreactivity in the body's cortological cortation.
learning sensory motor skills is accompanied by substantial neurological changes in many brain regions, including the sensory motor cortex, the post-top cortex, synths, the cerebrocephalus and M1.
, M1 has been extensively studied in the context of skill acquisition, and studies have shown that cortical spinal neurons with high discharge thresholds and cortical inhibitors with cortical changes are sensitive to long-term motor experience.
Therefore, in this study, we focused on the sensory motor system, assessing whether swimmers changed the basic neurophysiological indicators of M1 excitability, including intra-cortical inhibition, to help them enhance their sensory motor skills in the water environment.
: This study included 14 healthy right-handed non-swimmers (four women) and 14 swimmers (six women) between the ages of 20 and 22 (see Table 1 for characteristics of participants).
all participants are from the same university in Japan, all swimmers belong to the same university's swimming team, and have experience in national or inter-university swimming competitions.
calculated FINA points from their own fastest records to assess swimmers' performance levels.
non-swimmers are college students who do not have swimming training.
joint angle modulation performance is evaluated: before the task, participants are asked to remember three angles of the wrist's curvature position: the wrist elongation position is 70 degrees 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees, respectively.
the participants' hands to each angle in the following order: 45 degrees, 90 degrees, 135 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees and 135 degrees.
the duration of the memory target location is 5 s per position.
, the examiner moves the participant's hand to the starting position at a 70-degree wrist extension angle.
these stored procedures, the inspector instructs the participants to focus on the monitor in front of them.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to evaluate the M1 function during rest and mission in each measuring block.
Measures motion thresholds for stationary and active motion (RMT and AMT, respectively), motion-induced potential (MEP), short-spaced in-cortical inhibition (SICI) and long-spaced in-cortical inhibition (LICI) at rest and during position sensing tasks and motion, respectively.
used to assess the excitability and inhibition of the corttic spinal cord of M1.
surface electromyogram (EMG) records were obtained from the right-handed flexive wrist (FCR) muscle and the extended wrist (ECR) muscle of the 9 mm diameter Ag-AgCl surface electrode.
: This study examined the effects of long-term training on sensory motor skills and M1 inhibition in the water environment.
swimmers' SICI rose rather than swimmers' SICI fell.
SICI tested the excitability of local GABA Aergic inhibitory circuits in M1 and played an important role in regulating M1's motion output, neuroplasticity and learning.
SICI and LICI, different mechanisms may explain why no changes in the latter have been observed.
SICI and LICI are associated with GABA's inhibitory intermediate neurons.
swimmers who had long-term training in the water showed strong sensory movement in both water and on land due to increased corttic inhibition of M1 at rest.
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