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Introduction: In 2020, the epidemic of the new crown epidemic prompted many countries to launch large-scale new crown vaccination programs
.
Although vaccines do not completely prevent infection as the new coronavirus continues to mutate, they play a key role
in preventing severe disease and reducing deaths.
However, with the same vaccine, some people just get more protection than others
.
The researchers hope to unearth the biological mechanisms behind it and apply it to global vaccine development management
.
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi can cause disease, and these pathogens can also trigger an immune response
in the body.
The role of the vaccine is to take out the specific fragments or models (antigens) of these pathogens that are weakened in toxicity, and conduct a "military exercise" for the immune system in advance, so that the next time the pathogen invades, the corresponding antibodies can be quickly generated to fight the development of
the disease.
The effect of the "military exercise" is not only related to the vaccine, but also depends on the "quality of the troops themselves"
.
Several studies have shown that the efficacy of vaccines depends not only on age, sex, ethnicity and genetics, but also on the body's immune status before vaccination
.
At present, some pre-vaccination factors have also been identified that can predict the antibody response
of specific vaccines.
So, is there a (or some) biological signature that can predict antibody response after all vaccinations? Finding such a "weather vane" and understanding its role in a series of post-vaccination responses will help design strategies to strengthen vaccine responses, helping to better benefit
from vaccination in such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
To that end, researchers at Emory University conducted a meta-analysis of 13 different vaccines, collecting transcriptome profiles of blood samples from 820 healthy adults before and after vaccination from a publicly available database in the hope of finding the kind of "weather vane"
described above.
The study is part of
a larger research initiative of the Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC).
The findings, "Pan-vaccine analysis reveals innate immune endotypes predictive of antibody responses to vaccination," were published in Nature Immunology (Figure 2) on October 31, 2022 [1].
of sociological factors (age, sex, ethnicity) and vaccine factors (vaccine platform, target pathogen, time after vaccination) to the transcriptome variance of blood samples.
It was found that more than 62% of the variance could not be explained by variables such as age, time point, vaccine, etc.
, indicating that the differences in transcriptome profiles between samples had a source other than the above factors, that is, the 820 participants surveyed could also be grouped
in a way related to transcriptome profile characteristics.
The researchers further performed unsupervised clustering analysis based on the transcriptome of blood samples before vaccination, and divided these participants into three groups - high inflammation group, low inflammation group, and medium inflammation group - and the difference between these three groups is precisely the level of gene expression and cytokines common in pathways related to inflammation response
.
Assessing the participants' status after vaccination, the high-inflammation group produced the strongest antibody response
.
Pre-vaccination inflammation in these seemingly healthy participants may be linked to
bacterial infection.
"It's surprising, usually we all think that inflammation is not a good thing, and people always try to reduce inflammation
with treatment.
" Dr.
Slim Fourati, a bioinformatics research associate at Emory University and first author of the paper, said, "This suggests that certain types of inflammation can promote stronger vaccine effects
.
The
biology of the hyper-inflammatory group identified by Fourati, senior author Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, PhD
, and the HIPC team will help predict how human individuals will respond to vaccines.
"We will have the possibility to use these features to tailor the vaccine to induce the body's response to the vaccine and maximize the effectiveness
of the vaccine," Fourati said.
For example, vaccine adjuvants are offered to those patients with weakened immune responses to trigger relevant inflammatory genes for higher protection
.
The study was published
in conjunction with three other HIPC studies at Yale School of Medicine, Stanford University, the University of Cincinnati, Harvard Medical School, and Columbia University Medical Center.
Researchers at Stanford University Medicine and the University of Cincinnati focused on predicting vaccine efficacy by the genetic signature of human plasmablasts within days of vaccination, which will help speed up early screening of vaccine candidates, eliminating weeks of waiting time to see if the subjects' immune systems respond normally (Figure 3).
for the scientific community to come later.
Commenting on the HIPC meta-analysis, Dr.
Steven Kleinstein of the Yale School of Medicine said: "This is the first time in history that so many factors, including the diversity of vaccine responses in different populations, target pathogens, vaccine types, and adjuvants, have been studied as a whole to compare the differences and commonalities
between so many vaccines.
”
, Tomalin, L.
E.
, Mulè, M.
P.
et al.
Pan-vaccine analysis reveals innate immune endotypes predictive of antibody responses to vaccination.
Nat Immunol (2022).
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41590-022-01329-5 [2]Hagan, T.
, Gerritsen, B.
, Tomalin, L.
E.
et al.
Transcriptional atlas of the human immune response to 13 vaccines reveals a common predictor of vaccine-induced antibody responses.
Nat Immunol (2022).
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41590-022-01328-6
.
Although vaccines do not completely prevent infection as the new coronavirus continues to mutate, they play a key role
in preventing severe disease and reducing deaths.
However, with the same vaccine, some people just get more protection than others
.
The researchers hope to unearth the biological mechanisms behind it and apply it to global vaccine development management
.
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi can cause disease, and these pathogens can also trigger an immune response
in the body.
The role of the vaccine is to take out the specific fragments or models (antigens) of these pathogens that are weakened in toxicity, and conduct a "military exercise" for the immune system in advance, so that the next time the pathogen invades, the corresponding antibodies can be quickly generated to fight the development of
the disease.
Figure 1 Antigens in vaccines (Source: WHO official website)
The effect of the "military exercise" is not only related to the vaccine, but also depends on the "quality of the troops themselves"
.
Several studies have shown that the efficacy of vaccines depends not only on age, sex, ethnicity and genetics, but also on the body's immune status before vaccination
.
At present, some pre-vaccination factors have also been identified that can predict the antibody response
of specific vaccines.
So, is there a (or some) biological signature that can predict antibody response after all vaccinations? Finding such a "weather vane" and understanding its role in a series of post-vaccination responses will help design strategies to strengthen vaccine responses, helping to better benefit
from vaccination in such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
To that end, researchers at Emory University conducted a meta-analysis of 13 different vaccines, collecting transcriptome profiles of blood samples from 820 healthy adults before and after vaccination from a publicly available database in the hope of finding the kind of "weather vane"
described above.
The study is part of
a larger research initiative of the Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC).
The findings, "Pan-vaccine analysis reveals innate immune endotypes predictive of antibody responses to vaccination," were published in Nature Immunology (Figure 2) on October 31, 2022 [1].
Figure 2 Research results (Source: [1])
of sociological factors (age, sex, ethnicity) and vaccine factors (vaccine platform, target pathogen, time after vaccination) to the transcriptome variance of blood samples.
It was found that more than 62% of the variance could not be explained by variables such as age, time point, vaccine, etc.
, indicating that the differences in transcriptome profiles between samples had a source other than the above factors, that is, the 820 participants surveyed could also be grouped
in a way related to transcriptome profile characteristics.
The researchers further performed unsupervised clustering analysis based on the transcriptome of blood samples before vaccination, and divided these participants into three groups - high inflammation group, low inflammation group, and medium inflammation group - and the difference between these three groups is precisely the level of gene expression and cytokines common in pathways related to inflammation response
.
Assessing the participants' status after vaccination, the high-inflammation group produced the strongest antibody response
.
Pre-vaccination inflammation in these seemingly healthy participants may be linked to
bacterial infection.
"It's surprising, usually we all think that inflammation is not a good thing, and people always try to reduce inflammation
with treatment.
" Dr.
Slim Fourati, a bioinformatics research associate at Emory University and first author of the paper, said, "This suggests that certain types of inflammation can promote stronger vaccine effects
.
The
biology of the hyper-inflammatory group identified by Fourati, senior author Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, PhD
, and the HIPC team will help predict how human individuals will respond to vaccines.
"We will have the possibility to use these features to tailor the vaccine to induce the body's response to the vaccine and maximize the effectiveness
of the vaccine," Fourati said.
For example, vaccine adjuvants are offered to those patients with weakened immune responses to trigger relevant inflammatory genes for higher protection
.
The study was published
in conjunction with three other HIPC studies at Yale School of Medicine, Stanford University, the University of Cincinnati, Harvard Medical School, and Columbia University Medical Center.
Researchers at Stanford University Medicine and the University of Cincinnati focused on predicting vaccine efficacy by the genetic signature of human plasmablasts within days of vaccination, which will help speed up early screening of vaccine candidates, eliminating weeks of waiting time to see if the subjects' immune systems respond normally (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Research results (Source: [2])
for the scientific community to come later.
Commenting on the HIPC meta-analysis, Dr.
Steven Kleinstein of the Yale School of Medicine said: "This is the first time in history that so many factors, including the diversity of vaccine responses in different populations, target pathogens, vaccine types, and adjuvants, have been studied as a whole to compare the differences and commonalities
between so many vaccines.
”
Written by | Wind Standing Night
Typesetting| Qiao Weijun
End
Resources:
[1]Fourati, S., Tomalin, L.
E.
, Mulè, M.
P.
et al.
Pan-vaccine analysis reveals innate immune endotypes predictive of antibody responses to vaccination.
Nat Immunol (2022).
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41590-022-01329-5 [2]Hagan, T.
, Gerritsen, B.
, Tomalin, L.
E.
et al.
Transcriptional atlas of the human immune response to 13 vaccines reveals a common predictor of vaccine-induced antibody responses.
Nat Immunol (2022).
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41590-022-01328-6
