August 30, 2019 Science journal essence

September 16, 2019 / BIOON / - -- a new issue of Science Journal (August 30, 2019) will be published this week What are the highlights of its research? Let Xiaobian come together The picture is from science journal 1 Science: a major breakthrough! It's a play to cure malaria! Selective inhibition of pfclk3 protein can kill Plasmodium at all stages of development doi: 10.1126/science.aau1682 In a new study, researchers from institutions such as the University of Glasgow in Scotland made a breakthrough, revealing that a new drug called tcmdc-135051 may prevent the spread of malaria and may also treat people infected with the deadly parasite disease These results provide new hope for the global fight against malaria The relevant research results were published in the Science Journal on August 30, 2019, and the title of the paper is "validation of the protein kinase pfclk3 as a multistage cross-specific clinical drug target" The corresponding author of the paper is Professor Andrew Tobin of the University of Glasgow Under the leadership of Professor Tobin, the researchers found a drug that can kill the parasite and prevent its sexual development in all three stages of the parasite's life cycle: the liver stage, the red blood cell stage and the gametophyte development stage The new drug works by blocking the activity of an essential protein called pfclk3, which controls the production / activity of other proteins involved in keeping the parasite alive By blocking the activity of the protein, the drug can effectively kill the parasite, which can not only prevent its spread, but also treat malaria patients Professor Tobin said: "we are very excited about these new discoveries and hope that they will pave the way for the first step towards eliminating malaria Our research shows that by killing Plasmodium at all stages of its development, we have found not only a potential cure for malaria, but also a way to prevent the spread of Plasmodium from humans to mosquitoes and then to infect others " 2 Science: great progress! A subtype of immune cells, tfh13 cell doi: 10.1126/science.aaw6433, was identified When anaphylactic shock (a serious anaphylactic reaction) was caused by anaphylaxis, namely, respiratory tract contraction and sudden drop of blood pressure, it could be life-threatening In a new study, researchers from Yale University and the Jackson genomics medical laboratory in the United States identified a subtype of immune cells that trigger antibodies related to anaphylactic shock and other allergic reactions They revealed a potential target for developing new therapies to prevent severe allergic reactions The relevant research results were published online in the journal Science on August 1, 2019, and the title of the paper is "identification of a T follicular helper cell subset that drives analytic IgE" The researchers found a T cell subtype called T-follicular helper cell 13 (tfh13) in laboratory mice bred to develop a rare inherited immune disease called dock 8 immune deficiency syndrome In humans, lack of DOCK8 causes recurrent viral infections of the skin and respiratory system, as well as severe allergies and asthma Allergies and anaphylactic shock are associated with the production of high levels of high affinity IgE antibodies, which bind strongly to allergens So as to stimulate the allergic reaction The researchers point out that mice with dock 8 deficiency have new types of helper follicular T cells that are not found in normal mice, which produce unique combinations of chemical messenger molecules called cytokines The researchers then chose mice with normal immune systems to sensitize them with respiratory and food allergens, leading to severe allergic reactions leading to anaphylactic shock Although non allergic mice lack tfh13 cells, allergic mice have both tfh13 cells and high affinity IgE Through genetic manipulation, they blocked the production of tfh13 cells in mice, and found that these mice could not produce allergic IgE against allergens To confirm that this new insight also applies to humans, they then compared blood samples from peanut or respiratory hypersensitive patients with blood samples from non allergic volunteers and found elevated levels of tfh13 cells in the blood of people with allergies and related IGES 3 Science: is there a gay gene? Doi: 10.1126/science.aat7693; doi: 10.1126/science.aay2726 for a long time, researchers have known that a person's sexual preferences are influenced by his or her genetic composition - whether they prefer male or female sexual partners, or both The most direct evidence is that identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual preferences because their genetic makeup is the same, compared to 50% of non identical twins It is not clear which specific genes are involved A 1993 study found that men's sexual orientation is affected by a special gene on the X chromosome, which the media naturally called "gay gene" But a later study did not repeat the finding, and subsequent follow-up results were mixed In an article published in science on August 30, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital, Broder Institute and other institutions tried to find the answer to this question The researchers used the largest sample size of similar research in history to conduct in-depth research on this question, and finally came to some unexpected conclusions, namely, "large scale GWAS" reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior"。 Their approach is simple - the larger the scale of the study, the more confident the researchers are about the results, other things being equal As a result, instead of sampling hundreds or thousands of individuals, the researchers used nearly 500000 samples To get such a large sample, researchers used data collected as part of a broader project These data include DNA data and questionnaire responses from participants in the UK (part of the UK Biobank study) and the US (part of the data collected by 23andMe, a business lineage company, for customers who agreed to answer research questions about sex) The researchers found that there is not an independent "gay gene", but there are many genes that affect the possibility of having a same-sex partner Overall, genes account for between 8% and 25% of a person's same-sex attractiveness, taking into account the thousands of genetic characteristics that ultimately affect a person's sexuality Individually, each of these genes has a very small impact, but their combined impact is huge Researchers can statistically identify five specific DNA sites; they can confidently say that hundreds of other sites are working, but they are not yet sure where they are 4 Science: exploring the early human settlements in America doi: 10.1126/science.aax9830 Cooper's Ferry archaeological site in the west of North America provides evidence for the pattern and time course of the early American population Davis et al Described new evidence of human activity at the archaeological site, including stemmed projectile points Radiocarbon dating and Bayesian analysis show that the age is between 16560 and 15280 As a result, humans arrived in America before the inland ice free corridor opened, so the Pacific coast route is a possible access route The arrow points with handles are very similar to those found in Japan in the late Paleolithic period, which also supports the hypothesis of coastal route 5 Science: explore the comprehensive history of human land use doi: 10.1126/science.aax1192; doi: 10.1126/science.aay4627 human began to leave lasting influence on the earth's surface 10000 to 8000 years ago Stephens et al Compiled a comprehensive map of Holocene global human land use trajectory through cooperation with global archaeologists Hunters, gatherers, farmers and herdsmen changed the face of the earth earlier and to a great extent, which was basically global 3000 years ago 6 Science: the small RNA fragment from tRNA of rhizobia is the signal molecule doi: 10.1126/science.aav8907; doi: 10.1126/science.aay7101 In order to fix nitrogen, legumes and nodule bacteria form a symbiotic relationship Ren et al Now reveal that bacteria play a role as active regulators in this process Small fragments cut from the tRNA molecular mountain of rhizobia enter the host RNA interference complex to silence key host genes Therefore, both host and microorganism shape a symbiotic environment 7 Science: programmable genome engineering doi: 10.1126/science.aay0737 E.coli has a single ring chromosome Wang et al Created a method to divide the E coli genome into independent chromosomes that can be modified, rearranged and recombined The unmodified E coli genome is effectively divided into two pairs of identified and stable synthetic chromosomes, which provide common intermediates for large-scale genome operations (such as translocation and inversion) Synthetic chromosomes from different cells are fused to produce a single genome in the target cell Accurate, rapid and large-scale genome engineering operations are useful tools for creating diverse synthetic genomes 8 Science: membrane related periodic skeleton is the signal platform of RTK trans activation in neurons doi: 10.1126/science.aaw5937 in neurons, many cell processes are regulated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) RTK is a receptor located on the cell surface, and its activation depends on other signal transduction pathways Zhou et al Used super-resolution imaging to visualize the co location of signal proteins on the membrane associated periodic skeleton (MPS), which is formed by actin, spectrin, and related molecules in axons and dendrites of neurons The co localization of signaling proteins in different pathways leads to the trans activation of RTK, which initiates intracellular signal transduction In the negative feedback loop, the downstream signal will cause MPs degradation Therefore, MPs is a dynamic regulatory platform, which can coordinate signal transduction in neurons (BIOON Com)