August 28, 2020 Science Journal Essence.

!-- webeditor: page.title -- August 31, 2020 // --- This week, another issue of the new scientific journal (August 28, 2020) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.Science: New study reveals that cells are maze masters doi:10.1126/science.aay9792 In a new study, researchers from several UK research institutions have found why cells can migrate so accurately in humans.
study was published in the August 28, 2020 issue of the journal Science, under the title "Seeing around corners: Cells solve mazes and respond at distance using attractant."
paper, they describe a theory they developed to explain cellular directional motion and how they used a maze to test it.
when the body is injured, such as a needle, the immune system responds by sending white blood cells to kill any bacteria that might try to enter the body through the wound.
but how do cells find wounds? Previous studies have shown that cells use chemicals called chemoattractants in the body for short-range navigation.
white blood cells can sense chemical attractors and move them --- but this is only effective over short distances.
the new study, the researchers found that cells can use such chemical attractors in different ways to navigate longer and more complex pathways.
the researchers speculated that some cells navigated by breaking down chemotherapy attractors that approached them.
they then perceive the extent to which chemical attractors are replenished and, most importantly, in which direction.
by noticing the location of the new chemotherapy attractors, they can move to the destination they want.
example, white blood cells trying to move toward a wound choose to break down the path of the most or the most recent chemical attractor after finding a fork in the road.
2.Science: Details of previous Zika virus infections can increase the risk of severe dengue virus infection doi:10.1126/science.abb6143; Doi:10.1126/science.abd5922 In a new study, researchers from the United States and Nicaragua found that the mosquito-borne Zika virus makes people more susceptible to dengue later in life, and that when they do develop dengue, they suffer more severe symptoms.
study was published in the August 28, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the title "Zika virus virus enhances future risk of severe dengue disease."
these findings confirm earlier speculation that antibodies to the Zika virus, usually designed to protect the body from infection, may actually interact with the dengue virus, making dengue infection worse.
this interaction, known as antibody-dependent enhancement, may make it harder to design a vaccine that is safe and effective while protecting the Zika virus from increasing the risk of dengue infection.
3. Science: Rapid identification and isolation of patients with symptoms of COVID-19 can shorten the average series interval doi:10.1126/science.abc9004 In a new study, researchers from the University of Hong Kong, Dalian National University, Beijing Normal University, the University of Cambridge, the Pasteur Institute in France, and the University of Texas at Austin found that identifying and separating people with symptoms from the average series of infections (serial interval).
results were published online July 21, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Serial interval of SARS-CoV-2 was shortened over time by nonpharmaceutical interventions".
paper, they describe their research on Chinese patients in the early stages of the global pandemic and their findings.
author of the paper is Dr. Benjamin J. Cowling of the University of Hong Kong.
first authors were Sheikh Taslim Ali, Eric H. Y. Lau of the University of Hong Kong and Lin Wang of the University of Cambridge.
December 2019, as people in Wuhan were apparently infected with a new virus, Chinese officials began taking steps to stop the spread of the virus without a vaccine or even medication.
officials used their only tools: isolation and mask orders.
the new study, the researchers looked at the effects of series intervals on the spread of the disease.
the interval between the emergence of an infectious disease such as COVID-19 is defined as the period of time between the on-the-line on which one infected person develops symptoms and another person is infected by that infected person and begins to develop symptoms.
to learn more about its impact on the outbreak, the researchers studied the average series interval between wuhan people in the early stages of the outbreak.
also noted that in the early stages of the pandemic, the average SERIES interval for COVID-19 was thought to be about eight days.
because SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are both at this time.
, but as the data beed, it was found that the average series interval of COVID-19 was not a single number, but would change as the situation changed.
4.Science: Uncovering the Common Molecular Characteristics of Human Antibodies in Powerful And SARS-CoV-2 !--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page title"--doi:10.1 126/science.abd2321 In a new study, researchers from the Scripps Institute in the United States found common molecular characteristics in humans and in the antibodies of SARS-CoV-2--- a new coronavirus --- that causes COVID-19 disease.
reviewed nearly 300 anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies found in recovering COVID-19 patients in their laboratories and other laboratories over the past few months.
they note that some of these antibodies can be extremely powerful in meliothing the virus, and that some of these powerful antibodies are encoded by the same antibody gene, IGCV3-53.
results were published online July 13, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Structural basis of shared antibody to SARS-CoV-2".
the researchers used a powerful tool called X-ray crystallography to image two of the antibodies attached to the SARS-CoV-2 target.
details of the atomic structure of this interaction should be useful to vaccine designers and scientists who want to develop antiviral drugs that target the same bits on SARS-CoV-2.
5.Science: Uncovering the neural mechanisms of the inner pre-preseterfic cortical crack development-exploration dilemma doi:10.1126/science.abb0184; doi:10.1126/science.abd7258 In an uncertain, ever-changing, open environment, successful behavior depends heavily on the ability to decide whether to continue with ongoing strategies or explore new options.
neuroimaging studies have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is the main part of the brain that deals with this dilemma.
, the contribution of different mPFC regions remains largely unknown.
Doenech and others recorded neuron activity in six people with epilepsy using deep electrodes in this brain region.
mPFC infers the reliability of an ongoing action plan based on the results of the action.
it actively marks results as learning signals to make better use of the program, or as a potential trigger for exploring new programs.
mPFC evaluates the results of the action and produces adaptive behavior strategies.
6.Science: Building a heterogeneous microbial complex that uses litopic cellulose to produce short-chain fatty acids doi:10.1126/science.abb1214 Microbes converts heterogeneous raw materials such as litopic cellulose into one or more of the desired products, requiring the assembly of ways to break down the input and output.
Shahab et al. assembled a microbial consortia in which these microorganisms occupy different spatial microentones within bioreacters and have different metabolic abilities.
The simplest version they set up, an aerobic fungus is good at breaking cellulose down into short sugar chains, an oxygen-resistant bacteria converting these short sugar chains into lactic acid, and an anaerobic bacteria using lactic acid to synthesize short-chain fatty acid butyric acid.
the limitations of additional microbial processing in the intermediate flow, or to convert lactic acid into a long-chain fatty acid with greater potential value.
the integrated production and use of lactic acid for biosynthetic reactions, it is ideally used as a platform for biosynthetics using powerful heterogeneic microbial complexes.
7.Science: Restoring nerve circuits using synthetic synact assembly proteins promises to treat a range of neurological disorders: 10.1126/science.abb4853; doi:10.1126/science.abd4762 The brain contains trillions of synapses in a vast network of neurons.
synactic remodeling is critical to ensuring effective reception and integration of external stimuli and the storage and retrieval of information.
the synapse assembly protein, synapses are established and reshaped throughout the life process.
errors in this process can lead to neuropsyurological or neurological disorders.
Suzuki and others combined the structural elements of natural synactical assembly proteins to develop an artificial version called CPTX, which has different binding properties.
CPTX can be used as a molecular bridge to reconnect neurons in animal models of cer cerebral palsy disorders, familial Alzheimer's disease and spinal cord injury, restoring excitable synapses.
findings illustrate how structural guidance can help repair neural circuits.
8.Science: The antiviral immune response of different enzyme activity-mediated primary nuclear organisms doi:10.1126/science.aba0372 An arms race between primary nuclear organisms and viruses provides a powerful evolutionary force to produce various enzyme activities to mediat antiviral immune responses.
these immune components often come together in the host genome, leading to the expansion of defense systems.
take advantage of the evolutionary modularity of defense systems, Gao et al. predicted defense genes in most existing bacterial and paleontological genomes through bio-information.
, they recombined these newly discovered defenses in E. coli and verified their defenses against specific phages.
, they describe the defense function of several predicted nucleoside triphosphatases.
9.Science: The structure of the catalytic activity of the isotopic tripolymer plant cellulose complex doi:10.1126/science.abb2978 plants produce complex cell walls, of which cellulose (a glucose polymer) is the main component of the cell walls.
cellulose fiber is formed by the close accumulation of cellulose single chain, it has been suggested that cellulose cellulose complex (18 or more sub-base) form cellulose fiber, cellulose cellulose lysase there are a variety of isomers.
Purushotham et al. have measured the low-temperature electroscopic structure of a cellulose heteroenzyme isomer to form a tripolymer.
a large channel forms the path of the cellulose chain through which the membrane is embedded in the complex.
the structure also reveals the lysum interface and provides a framework for modeling large complexes in plant membranes.
the outlet points of the new polysaccharide chain are arranged closely, which is consistent with the role of the enzyme complex in guiding cellulose microfiber formation.
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page-title"--10.Science: An enzyme-like nitrogen fixation enzyme that catalyzes methionine, ethylene, and methane to produce doi:10.1126/science.abb6310 soil bacteria have a range of metabolic pathways that help to obtain and recycle nutrients and carbon.
strangely, some of these soil bacteria release ethylene gas when they are sulfur-deficulated under anaerobic conditions.
Andersen trace the origin of ethylene back to a small sulfur-containing organic molecule produced by certain reactions in cells.
cells under sulfur-limiting conditions allow them to identify enzymes involved in sulfur rescue and accompanying ethylene production.
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