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"An apple a day keeps the doctor away", does this familiar Western proverb really make sense? With the evolution of mammals in specific dietary environments, the natural rich compounds in plant foods have been found to have a wide range of benefits to human health, and may have become one of the environmental determinants of brain structure and cognitive functions, such as red Resveratrol in grape skins and catechins in green tea (EGCG) have been shown to affect the development of adult hippocampal nerves.
So, as one of the most widely consumed fruits in the world, apples are rich in biologically active factors that also affect the formation of nerves in the brain? Recently, researchers from the Technical University of Dresden, Germany, published a study titled Apple Peel and Flesh Contain Pro-neurogenic Compounds in "Stem Cell Reports".
They found that apple peel is rich in quercetin, which can Promote the survival of hippocampal precursor cells and neuron differentiation in adult mice, and the abundant 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the pulp has the function of significantly increasing neural precursor cell proliferation and neurogenesis.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
stemcr.
2021.
01.
005 Quercetin is the most abundant flavonol compound in apple peel.
Studies have found that it is related to a variety of neuroprotective mechanisms, especially microglia.
Related to functions, it also has the ability to scavenge active oxygen and exert antioxidant effects.
Since neural progenitor cells are the origin of adult neurons in the hippocampus, the researchers first tested the effects of quercetin in vitro and oral treatment on nerves by means of iododeoxyuridine (IdU) labeling, flow cytometry, and western blotting.
Precursor cell survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation.The results showed that high-concentration quercetin treatment can promote the survival of neural precursor cells in vitro, reduce the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, and increase the number of neuron-like morphological cells and the expression of immature neuron marker bIII-tubulin Increase and promote the occurrence of neurons in vitro.
The treatment with low concentration of quercetin also stimulated the development of adult nerves in mice, resulting in a significant increase in the number of newborn neurons.
In addition, the researchers also analyzed the gene expression of stem cells after removing growth factors and adding quercetin through RNA microarray analysis, and confirmed that quercetin promotes cell survival by inducing endogenous antioxidant activity and AKT signaling pathway.
Quercetin inhibits the cell cycle and induces differentiation of neural precursor cells.
Quercetin promotes cell survival in vitro and stimulates adult neurogenesis in vivo.
So, does apple peel and apple flesh have the same neurogenic properties? The researchers compared the content of flavonoids such as quercetin in six local apple varieties.
They found that the peels of all varieties of apples are rich in flavonoids, but the pulp contains only a small amount, but they all have similarities.
The ability to promote neurons.
Since apple juice is also very popular, the researchers also tested the effects of the intake of concentrated apple juice on adult neurogenesis and learning and memory in mice.
They found that apple juice supplements did not affect adult neurogenesis in the body.
And learning and memory.
Apple peel and pulp are neurogenic, but apple juice will not affect neurogenesis or cognitive function in the body.
The above test results show that the content of flavonoids such as quercetin, which can promote neurogenesis, in apple pulp is much lower than that in the peel.
Why is its neuronal activity still the same as in the peel extract? Are there other neuronal compounds in the pulp? Researchers used liquid and solid phase fractionation to separate apple pulp extracts, and after testing its effect on the number of neurospheres, they used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify new compounds with neuronal differentiation-promoting activity, and finally identified them.
To the presence of non-flavonoid phenolic compound dihydroxybenzoate (DHBA) in the pulp.Afterwards, the researchers used its isoforms 2,3-DHBA, 3,4-DHBA and 3,5-DHBA to treat neuronal precursor cells and found that 3,5-DHBA has significant proliferation and neurostimulation of precursor cells Generate activity, increase the survival rate of neuron precursor cells, increase the ratio of bIII-tubulin and neurons, and significantly increase the number and size of neurospheres.
Other isomers also have slightly lower neurotrophic activity.
The researchers also verified this function in mice.
The hydroxybenzoic acid in apple pulp is a neurogenic compound.
In short, this study proved that the abundant quercetin in apple peel and the 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the pulp have significant neurogenic effects.
Element activity.
Since the effect is so rich, one apple a day, everyone should remember to eat it! End reference materials: [1] Apple Peel and Flesh Contain Pro-neurogenic Compounds[2] https://
So, as one of the most widely consumed fruits in the world, apples are rich in biologically active factors that also affect the formation of nerves in the brain? Recently, researchers from the Technical University of Dresden, Germany, published a study titled Apple Peel and Flesh Contain Pro-neurogenic Compounds in "Stem Cell Reports".
They found that apple peel is rich in quercetin, which can Promote the survival of hippocampal precursor cells and neuron differentiation in adult mice, and the abundant 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the pulp has the function of significantly increasing neural precursor cell proliferation and neurogenesis.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
stemcr.
2021.
01.
005 Quercetin is the most abundant flavonol compound in apple peel.
Studies have found that it is related to a variety of neuroprotective mechanisms, especially microglia.
Related to functions, it also has the ability to scavenge active oxygen and exert antioxidant effects.
Since neural progenitor cells are the origin of adult neurons in the hippocampus, the researchers first tested the effects of quercetin in vitro and oral treatment on nerves by means of iododeoxyuridine (IdU) labeling, flow cytometry, and western blotting.
Precursor cell survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation.The results showed that high-concentration quercetin treatment can promote the survival of neural precursor cells in vitro, reduce the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, and increase the number of neuron-like morphological cells and the expression of immature neuron marker bIII-tubulin Increase and promote the occurrence of neurons in vitro.
The treatment with low concentration of quercetin also stimulated the development of adult nerves in mice, resulting in a significant increase in the number of newborn neurons.
In addition, the researchers also analyzed the gene expression of stem cells after removing growth factors and adding quercetin through RNA microarray analysis, and confirmed that quercetin promotes cell survival by inducing endogenous antioxidant activity and AKT signaling pathway.
Quercetin inhibits the cell cycle and induces differentiation of neural precursor cells.
Quercetin promotes cell survival in vitro and stimulates adult neurogenesis in vivo.
So, does apple peel and apple flesh have the same neurogenic properties? The researchers compared the content of flavonoids such as quercetin in six local apple varieties.
They found that the peels of all varieties of apples are rich in flavonoids, but the pulp contains only a small amount, but they all have similarities.
The ability to promote neurons.
Since apple juice is also very popular, the researchers also tested the effects of the intake of concentrated apple juice on adult neurogenesis and learning and memory in mice.
They found that apple juice supplements did not affect adult neurogenesis in the body.
And learning and memory.
Apple peel and pulp are neurogenic, but apple juice will not affect neurogenesis or cognitive function in the body.
The above test results show that the content of flavonoids such as quercetin, which can promote neurogenesis, in apple pulp is much lower than that in the peel.
Why is its neuronal activity still the same as in the peel extract? Are there other neuronal compounds in the pulp? Researchers used liquid and solid phase fractionation to separate apple pulp extracts, and after testing its effect on the number of neurospheres, they used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify new compounds with neuronal differentiation-promoting activity, and finally identified them.
To the presence of non-flavonoid phenolic compound dihydroxybenzoate (DHBA) in the pulp.Afterwards, the researchers used its isoforms 2,3-DHBA, 3,4-DHBA and 3,5-DHBA to treat neuronal precursor cells and found that 3,5-DHBA has significant proliferation and neurostimulation of precursor cells Generate activity, increase the survival rate of neuron precursor cells, increase the ratio of bIII-tubulin and neurons, and significantly increase the number and size of neurospheres.
Other isomers also have slightly lower neurotrophic activity.
The researchers also verified this function in mice.
The hydroxybenzoic acid in apple pulp is a neurogenic compound.
In short, this study proved that the abundant quercetin in apple peel and the 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the pulp have significant neurogenic effects.
Element activity.
Since the effect is so rich, one apple a day, everyone should remember to eat it! End reference materials: [1] Apple Peel and Flesh Contain Pro-neurogenic Compounds[2] https://
