An analysis of the restrictive factors of the development of beef cattle industry in China (12.19)

OA show ('918 '); comparing the development of beef cattle industry in China and the United States, there are two conclusions: first, compared with the current situation of beef cattle industry in the United States, China's beef cattle industry is just in its infancy, which is half a century away, and second, other mountains and stones, which can be used for jade By learning from the successful experience of foreign countries and seriously solving the key factors restricting the development of China's beef industry, we can continuously shorten the gap with developed countries and catch up with the advanced level of developed countries Scientific research practice has proved that the key to long-term high-efficiency beef production is: (1) to determine the production purpose (as meat or breeding animal); (2) the physiological performance of the female animal, the body type suitable for the local environment; (3) to adapt the breeding purpose to the local environment; (4) to complement the body type of the bull and the cow, so that the offspring can achieve the ideal breeding purpose In the process of breeding, there is a great correlation between increasing growth speed and birth weight The adoption of EPD method makes it impossible for us breeders to increase the production speed of beef cattle, keep the birth weight unchanged or even reduce the birth weight The freshness of meat quality varies greatly within and between varieties, and the ideal genetic quality can be obtained through selection Low fecundity can also be achieved through genetic selection No one variety has all the best genetic characters By crossing, the advantages and disadvantages of each variety can be complemented, so that the advantages of each variety (i.e hybrid advantages) can be exerted and the offspring adapted to the environment can be obtained At present, the United States in beef cattle hybrid system, take three varieties of recurrent hybrid form The main method is to use Charolais or Simmental for recurrent hybridization on the basis of Angus and heft As a result, the heterosis can reach 86% of the highest level Therefore, this hybrid combination is called the best hybrid combination in the United States The Wisconsin based American Breeding Service (ABS) is a global leader in genetics The company has created many leading examples in the field of cattle genetic breeding In history, the first calf bred with frozen semen was born in ABS It is also the first frozen semen export company in the world Today, the company manages computerization in terms of genetic evaluation, appearance identification, selection and matching of cattle Stem cells and cloning technology as well as gene mapping of cattle are the industry's leaders Black star, the largest dairy producer in the United States, and south wind Holstein, the largest producer of frozen semen, are both in the company The company produces 2 million frozen semen of cattle every year, sells 1 million frozen semen abroad and 1 million frozen semen in China (including 700000 frozen semen in the state and 300000 frozen semen in the state) Generally, frozen beef concentrate sold abroad is 15 dollars each In the intensive fattening of beef cattle, the following factors are very important to obtain ideal fattening effect and economic benefit 1 Variety factor As a general principle, the selection of breed is more important for the cow and calf breeder than for the fattening farm For the fattening farm, we can choose a variety according to the actual situation (market demand) and adjust the feeding plan to adapt to the characteristics of the variety For the cow and calf producers, we must choose a variety that can adapt to the environment and market very well At present, the main varieties available for selection in the field of beef cattle production are: (1) hybrid varieties: due to the reasons of hybrid advantages, hybrid varieties generally have better weight-gain characteristics and health status 2) British breed: Americans believe that the British breed is the one that produces high-quality beef The three most common breeds are Angus, heford and shorthorn Angus is considered to be the most marbled and fleshy cattle in the United States Because of this, some operators who supply beef cattle to group consumers need to buy Angus cattle at a high price Heford and shorthorn produce beef of high quality, but the marbling is not as good as Angus In terms of weight gain effect, the three varieties can be said to be average (3) Continental varieties: refer to those from continental Europe that generally have larger weight at maturity and have higher weight gain effect than British varieties There are three types of mainland varieties according to their production performance That is, (1) beef type: Charolais, Limousin, Belgium basket, (2) dual type: Simmental, (3) service type (4) rumen breed: in the United States, Brahman is considered to be the same as beef cattle, but in fact, Brahman is only a rumen breed 2 Feeding management Feeding management mainly refers to the different treatment measures taken by the shelf cattle after entering the fattening farm Including: insect repellent, horn removal, embedding, immunity and other technical measures (1) deworming: one of the basic management measures for the shelf cattle entering the fattening farm is to apply deworming drugs High concentrate diet can increase the rumen acidity and kill many worms, so the response to red insect medicine is not as obvious as that of grazing cattle However, each experiment finally shows that it has economic benefits (2) horn removal: it is a basic operation procedure in the United States and Canada Because the nutrition demand of horned cattle is bigger than that of hornless cattle, and management will lead to bruise and unnecessary carcass scratch Therefore, the price of horned cattle is lower than that of hornless cattle (3) implantation: in North America, steroid implantation is very common Because this method can increase the weight gain of cattle by 18% and that of female cattle by 8-12% Bulls generally increased by 5-8% (4) immunization: because immunization is a very complex thing, the most important thing is to determine which disease can pose a threat to fattening cattle, we should choose the reliable vaccine for immunization This can avoid the blind use of vaccines and reduce the performance of fattening cattle 3 Selection of feed ingredients In North America and most European countries, fattening cattle are fed with high concentration diet, and the concentrate accounts for 70-80% of the whole feed composition Among them, energy feed accounts for 60-70% and protein feed 10-15% Because the concentrate is used to increase the weight of cattle, not to improve the flavor of beef In addition, the use of fine materials can also reduce the cost of weight gain For example, we choose 50 US dollars per ton of hay or 120 US dollars per ton of concentrate to feed cattle As a result, the cost of feed is relatively low That is to say, if the daily gain of 12 kg hay is 400 g, the cost of gain is: 12 × 0.05 = 0.60 USD / 0.4 kg = 1.50 USD / kg If the daily gain of cattle is 1.4kg, the cost of gain per kilogram will be greatly reduced: 10 × 0.12 USD / 1.4kg = O.85 USD / kg Since the feed concentrate has increased the daily gain, it means that beef cattle can be slaughtered at a younger age and the meat quality is more fresh and tender Because of this, American beef cattle only account for 16% of the world's feed, while beef production accounts for 50% of the world's The reason for this is the use of concentrate feed If the mode of "forage fattening" is adopted, it will take at least 3-4 years for a cow to fatten That is to say, in the fattening period, forage fattening is adopted, with a daily gain of 400-600g, but the gain in winter and spring is little or no, so it is necessary for the cattle to eat forage for 3-4 years, which is equal to that in july-16 Here is an introduction to the operation and management of a 55000 intensive large-scale fattening farm of freona company, Texas, in the south of the United States The company has five fattening farms in Texas, the largest of which is 60000, followed by 55000, and the other three farms are 35000, all of which are accounted for independently These 5 fattening farms belong to the nature of customer fosterage The so-called customer foster care, cattle belong to the farmers The farmers send the cattle to the fattening farm, entrust the fattening, and the fattening farm collects the feed fee, medical fee and management fee The farmers fatten the shelf cattle through the fattening farm, sell them to the nearby slaughterhouse, and obtain the fattening profit according to the market price Farmers sent cattle from all over the country, including California and Florida, with the farthest distance of 2000 kilometers Feed corn and soybean meal for fattening cattle also came from all over the country There are only 40 employees in 55000 scale fattening farms and 46 in winter After the managers, feed processors and veterinarians are taken out, each of them raises 10000 cows The veterinarian is responsible for the epidemic prevention work of several fattening farms Once or twice a week, he / she will know about the health and disease situation of the cattle After putting forward the medical plan, the management personnel will carry out the specific operation The shelf cattle sent by the farmer have hybrid offspring of various varieties, generally 180-350 kg in weight when entering the site, and 560 kg or more after 160-250 days of fattening The shelf cattle are sold to the slaughterhouse after bargaining with the nearby slaughterhouse and asking for the opinions of the owner of the cattle After entering the fattening house, the fattening house is used to feed the cattle and drive off the insects After vaccination, the corn gibberellin is buried behind the ears to increase Heavy agent The Cowboys Go to the cowshed every day for inspection If they find any defective cattle, they will send them to the isolation fence for symptomatic treatment They will make ear numbers, establish treatment files, and generally 55% of the cattle on shelves are cows, 45% are castrates There are four feed formulas in the fattening farm: the proportion of coarse feed in the first formula is large; the proportion of refined feed in the second formula is increasing; the proportion of refined feed in the third formula and the fourth formula is increasing The shelf cattle are allocated to each small enclosure according to the variety and age of each month The feed is uniformly prepared according to the variety and weight of the beef cattle in each enclosure The feeding cost of each cow is shared equally according to the small enclosure The customer pays the fattening cost of the shelf cattle monthly If the customer can't get the money for a while, the fattening farm can also introduce the bank to the customer for loan The capacity of large-scale fattening farms fluctuates according to the market conditions At the beginning, it may be 40000 heads, gradually increasing to 55000 heads Some of them are listed and some are listed every week Customers can make a profit of 25-100 US dollars for each cow they fatten, while the fattening farm is satisfied with the profit of 5 US dollars for each cow In short, intensive fattening is a modern measure that can shorten the feeding cycle and reduce the feeding cost, and can also improve the quality of meat What's more, by doing so, we can free up Grassland to expand the breeding population, so as to greatly increase the meat output in general.