A study of the heavyweight highlights that Nature magazine had to look at in September.

!-- webeditor: page title"--The time is always in a hurry, and in the blink of an eye September is coming to an end, what are the highlights of Nature magazine's research worth learning in the coming September? Small editor on the relevant articles have been organized, with you to learn! PHOTO: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain 1 Nature: New research provides new insights into the development of better flu vaccines doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2711-0 The flu season comes every year like a clock, sooner or later everyone will be infected.
annual flu vaccinations are a key part of public health efforts to control influenza, but the effectiveness of such vaccines is notoriously poor, dropping by 40 to 60 percent in a typical year.
growing evidence that a history of flu virus exposure may undermine the effectiveness of the annual flu vaccine.
Part of the immunity --- whether through natural infection or vaccination--- that has developed during previous flu seasons can interfere with the body's response to new vaccines, so much so that vaccinations are designed to improve the ability to identify previous influenza strains, but are barely able to produce resistance to new strains.
now, in a new study, researchers from Washington University's St. Louis School of Medicine have developed a way to assess whether the vaccine activates the immune cells needed to form a lasting immunity against the new strain of the flu virus.
they used the technology to find that flu vaccines can induce antibodies against a wide range of influenza viruses, at least in some people.
The findings could help design an improved flu vaccine that not only protects against previous flu viruses, but also against new flu viruses, researchers report in the journal Nature, and researchers say about half of U.S. adults get the flu vaccine each year.
is necessary for public health, but it is also very expensive and inefficient.
we need a once-and-for-all flu vaccine, but we haven't reached that goal yet.
anything that helps us understand how the immune response is produced in cases where we have been exposed to influenza viruses before is important for us to develop a better vaccine.
: How can scientists analyze lymph nodes to help cancer cells spread? Doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2623-z For decades, clinicians have been well aware that multiple types of cancer cells spread to the lymph nodes before spreading through the blood to distant organs. In the
article, the researchers found that melanoma cells that pass through the lymph nodes are covered with a protective film that allows them to survive high levels of oxidative stress in the blood and form distant tumor tissue, which can spread when cancer begins to spread to other parts of the body, and when cancer cells at the primary tumor site spread through blood vessels or through the lymphatic tubes before entering the bloodstream. Dr. Sean Morrison, an
researcher, said the researchers had previously focused on how cancer cells metaste through the blood, but had rarely studied the differences between cancer cells metastasis through blood and cancer cells metastasis through the lymph nodes, and the results of this paper showed that by metastasis of the lymph nodes or by providing protection from oxidative stress on melanoma cells during metastasis, it could promote the survival and spread of melanoma cells.
researchers revealed changes in the behavior of these melanoma cells when they were injected intravenously or into the lymphatic system in mice, and found that cancer cells injected directly into the lymph nodes survived better and were more likely to form tumors than melanoma cells injected directly into the body's blood in mice.
: Revealing the "culprits" that contribute to the development of body cancer as we age Doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2630-0 As the body converts food into energy, our bodies accumulate a lot of "garbage" as we age, according to a study published in the international journal Nature, from the Wil cornell School of Medicine, among others Scientists at the agency have found a particular metabolic pathline or potentially lethal role in the development of cancer, which has increased scientists' understanding of how the aging process accelerates the mechanisms by which individuals develop deadly cancers, and provides new ideas for effectively blocking the occurrence of metastasis tumors. The researchers found something interesting: when a metabolite called methylmalonic acid is at high levels, it appears to accumulate as the body ages; to analyze whether MMA plays a key role in cancer metastasis, researchers studied the blood of people 30 and younger and younger and older who were exposed to the body. How the behavior of lung cancer cells and breast cancer cells changed; the results showed that cancer cells in 25 of the 30 blood samples from young patients showed no change, but cancer cells in 25 of the 30 blood samples from older patients began to exhibit different characteristics, increased migration and aggression, and developed some tolerance for two drugs often used to treat cancer.
: Scientists successfully tracked the evolutionary mechanisms of cancer doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2698-6 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, Max Delbruck of Germany Scientists at the Medical Center have found that cancer can get or lose large amounts of chromosomes in some cells, but not in others, a process that may suggest that cancer is evolving or that certain preferences are being chosen, a phenomenon that is common in 22 tumor types, including breast, colorectal and lung cancer.
!--/ewebeditor:page -- !--webeditor:page title" -- Researcher Dr. Roland Schwarz says the number of structural evolutions of these ongoing cancer genomes is much higher than we expected. Much higher than previously thought by researchers, the change appears to be beneficial in obtaining or producing more copies of large chromosome fragments containing genes that are beneficial to cancer cells, while also losing genes that inhibit tumor progression, a change that previously did not show that this could continue to occur in multiple types of tumors.
: Uncovering the characteristics of the special HIV library in the body of elite HIV controllers! doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2651-8 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from Massachusetts General Hospital and others successfully studied 64 elite HIV controllers and 41 individuals taking antiretroviral drugs (ART) Hundreds of millions of cells are sequenced, and elite controllers, i.e. the body can successfully suppress HIV levels and disease progression without medication; unlike individuals treated with ART, the HIV library in elite controllers does not appear to be activated, which may help them maintain spontaneous and drug-free HIV levels, while also revealing a significant feature of functional cures for HIV infection.
HIV affects the health of more than 35 million people worldwide, and these patients effectively control the virus through daily ART therapy, but they cannot be cured, and once infected, retrovirus such as HIV put their genetic material into the genome of host cells, creating a potential library of viruses, meaning that DEspite ART treatment, HIV persists in the body when When a complete copy of the virus or genome is inserted into the genome of the host cell, the virus uses the host cell to make a new copy of HIV, which means that if ART therapy is stopped, the complete virus genome previously integrated into the host cell genome will begin to make new copies of the virus, leading to rapid virus rebound and disease progression, and the HIV library remains the main obstacle and problem in the treatment of HIV.
Image Source: University of Cambridge Nature: Scientists reveal why cancer cells evade the immune system of host bodies. Doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2682-1 In a study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from the University of Michigan and others have found a new association or molecular mechanism that can reveal the immune system of cancer-avoiding host bodies, and if we compare cancer to a series of puzzles, the study may be able to piece them together to create a larger image landscape.
One of the main parts is the immune system and why specific immune cells stop functioning, while the other part is mainly about how histoproteins in immune cells are altered, and the third part is how cell metabolism processes and processes amino acids. 'We don't know if these problems can be linked,' said Weiping Zou, a researcher at
. 'In this study, we were able to piece together these puzzles to illustrate the mechanisms of their work; in the paper, the researchers found a link between three separate puzzles, suggesting that targeting methionine transport proteins in tumor cells may help immunotherapy fight more effectively against more cancers.'
cancer starts with the immune system's guardian, T-cells, which make these cells function abnormally and organize T-cells to attack cancer cells. At present, researchers are not very clear.
: Developed a new method to target and kill rapidly dividing cancer cells without damaging healthy cells doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2690-1 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, among others Scientists at the agency have found a new way to kill certain multiplying human breast cancer cells by selectively attacking the core of the cell division machine, a technique that has so far only been tested in laboratory cultures and in cells derived from the patient's body itself, and is likely to help researchers develop new drugs that will kill some of the patient's body's breast cancer cells without damaging other healthy cells in the body.
researcher Andrew Holland says some of the most widely used cancer drugs can now kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but most of them have obvious drawbacks, including that they kill healthy cells, such as fast-growing bone marrow cells.
that untrected errors in cell division can induce genetic errors in cells and, in some cases, promote cancer and progress.
Because all mammalian cells have similar cell division processes, researchers began looking for cell division mechanisms that are very specific to cancer cells in a variety of types of cells cultured in the lab; as research progressed, researchers stumbled upon a class of human breast cancer cell linees that relied on the center. Granules divide and survive, and the central granules act as the core of the central structure, where the central body is able to assemble thin wall tubes of proteins that give cell shape and help divide DNA when cells divide, however, many cells continue to divide without the central body and the central granules.
: Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of PARP enzymes to repair fractured DNA strands of cancer cells promises to help develop new targeted anticancer therapies doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2725-1 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from St. Jude Children's Hospital and others revealed the structure of PARAP enzymes that break and repair double-stranded DNA, suggesting that PARP2 can fill the gap and connect two broken DNA ends.
addition, this paper also elaborates on the molecular mechanisms behind the PARP activation and catalytic cycle, which is useful for later scientists to understand the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells are resistant to cancer drugs that inhibit PARP.
!--/ewebeditor:page -- !--webeditor:page title" -- Researcher Dr Mario Halic said: 'We hope PARP will bind DNA and modify chromatin to recruit other DNA repair factors, but to our surprise, we found that PARP enzymes themselves may be able to link two broken DNA strands. Ends are connected together; DNA is constantly destroyed and repaired, either naturally or because of exposure to DNA-damaged agents, such as chemotherapy drugs for cancer, and PARP is an enzyme family that participates in a number of key cellular processes, including DNA repair, but researchers do not yet know how PARP inhibitors interact with DNA and chromatin to complete the process.
9 Nature: Heavy! Scientists have successfully discovered that induced nourishing layer stem cells are expected to help treat multiple placental complications during pregnancy in women! doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2734-6 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, from Duke-Singapore.