A century of history and new breakthroughs in bile acid research

Bile acid (BA) is the main component of bile.

Historical origins of bile acid research

Although the first written records of bile date back to the time of ancient Egypt (1550 BC), it was not until the time of Hippocrates (460-377 BC) that its role was highlighted and it was recognized as one of the four major body fluids, while Harmonizing the four body fluids was the main disease treatment method at that time and one of the cornerstones of traditional Chinese medicine

In 1943, the study found that BA is produced by cholesterol;

1950s, chromatographic separation of BAs, secondary BA and enterohepatic circulation were discovered;

In the 1970s, UDCA and CDCA were used to treat cholesterol stones;

The 1980s entered the field of BA synthesis and metabolism

From 1989 to 1990, the rate-limiting enzyme CYP7A1 for BA synthesis was isolated, opening the molecular era of BA metabolism

In 1999, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was identified as the first bile acid-activated receptor;

In 2002, the secondary BA-activated receptor G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5) was identified, and the BA renaissance era came;

After 2005, the introduction of gut microbiota opened up a new avenue for BA research

Figure 1.

Synthesis and transformation of bile acids

The relative composition of bile acids in different body fluids and tissues varies greatly.

Figure 2.

bile acid receptors

While several BA receptors have been identified over the past three decades, FXR and TGR5 are particularly well-studied for their regulatory roles in health and disease, and their properties can characterize BAs in vitro with varying potency Binds and activates receptors, although activation of these receptors in vivo is largely dependent on the overall composition of the BA pool

Figure 3.

Numerous studies have shown that modulating the size and composition of peripheral bile acid pools through changes in diet, exercise, cold exposure, antibiotics, probiotics, or fecal transplantation may be a promising strategy for regulating energy homeostasis

Figure 4.

Bile acid profiling

Thanks to the exploration and accumulation of achievements by the research team of MetaPlas over the years, we have the most complete and mature bile acid spectrum detection technology, and have accumulated project experience of tens of thousands of samples

At present, Metabolism and its partners have published a number of bile acid-related articles in journals including Cell Metabolism, Nature Communications, Advanced Science, Diabetes Care, Microbiome, Science Advances, etc.

Click the link below to read related articles on bile acids:

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references

1.
Metabolic Messengers: bile acids.
Nature Metabolism.
2022.

2.
Bile acids and their receptors in metabolic disorders.
Progress in Lipid Research.
2021.

3.
Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.
Cell Host & Microbe.
2022.