25, 2020 in the journal Science.

9/30/ --- This week, a new issue of Science (September 25, 2020) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.ScienceDaily: Great progress! Revealing endosome P5A-ATPase is a cross-membrane helical dislocation enzyme doi:10.1126/science.abc5809 In a new study, as a model for studying membrane protein positioning, researchers from Harvard Medical School and the University of California, Berkeley focused on tail anchoring proteins, which contain a single C-end transmembrin region that is necessary and largely sufficient for cellular positioning.
they concluded that the factors that mediated the anchoring of the mitochondrial tail protein would interact directly with the new protein.
the authors used an unbiased, bit-specific crosslinking and mass spectrometry method to identify such protein transfilms.
method reveals that orphan P-type pump P5A-ATP enzymes (Spf1 in yeast; ATP13A1 in humans) reside in endoensomal networks interact directly with mitochondrial tail anchor proteins.
since genetic studies have linked P5A-ATPase to mitochondrial tail anchor protein misalaping, these authors combine bio-chemical and structural methods to determine the function and mechanism of P5A-ATP enzymes.
the results of the study, published in the September 25, 2020 issue of The Endoplasmic Reticulum P5A-ATPase is a transmembrane helix dislocase.
the authors identified the function of P5A-ATP enzymes as dislocases (dislocases) in transmean regions on endosome membranes.
this functional distribution indicates that P-type ATP enzymes transport substrates in addition to ions and lipids.
P5A-ATP enzyme actively removes the wrongly inserted protein from the endosome mesh and also represents a previously unknown cell assurance and quality control mechanism that helps maintain the stability of the endosome and mitochondrial states, which may also explain the multi-effect esoprotein associated with P5A-ATP enzyme dysfunction.
2. Two Science papers reveal the weakness of Man's schistosomiasis, which helps develop a new drug for schistosomiasis, doi:10.1126/science.abb7709; doi:10.1126/science.abb7699; doi:10.1126/science.abe0710 Two new studies, led by researchers from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, shed light on the biological characteristics and potential weaknesses of schistosomiasis--- a parasite that causes the little-known tropical disease schistosomiasis---
could change the process of the disease, which kills up to 250,000 people a year.
the results of the study, published in the September 25, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science, were titled "A single-cell RNA-seq atlas of Schistosoma mansoni identifies a key regulator of blood feeding" and "Large-scale RN Ai screenings of therapeutic targets in parasite Schistosoma mansoni".
the first study, the researchers delved into the cell types that make up the flatworm.
although the flatworm is a multicellular organism of many unique tissue types, little is known about its different cell populations.
To build a cell-type map of Schistosoma mansoni ---, one of the types of schistosomiasis that usually causes schistosomiasis--- Collins and his team used a technique called single-cell RNA sequencing, which distinguishes individual cell types based on unique gene expression patterns.
method, they identified 68 molecularly unique clusters of cells, including stem cell populations that form guts.
When the researchers used a targeted method called RNA Interference (RNAi) to turn off the activation of a key gene in these cells, the resulting schistosomiasis was unable to digest red blood cells -- the key to their growth and the key to their pathology.
in a second study, the researchers used RNAi to sort out the function of about 20 percent of the protein-coded genes in Man's schistosomiasis, of which Man's schistosomiasis has 2,216 protein-coded genes.
previously, only a few genes in the creature had been evaluated.
, Collins and his colleagues discovered more than 250 genes that are critical to survival by insobating them one by one.
the researchers then used a database of pharmacological compounds to look for drugs that might act on proteins produced by these genes and identify several compounds that are active against the parasite.
also found two protein kinases--- a group of proteins known for being drug-targeted---TAO and STK25 are critical to muscle function.
when the two kinases were inhibited, the parasite became paralysed and eventually died, suggesting that drugs targeting both kinases could eventually treat schistosomiasis patients.
next step will be to look for inhibitors for these proteins.
3.Science: New study reveals that the pre- and post-fusion SARS-CoV-2 hedgehog protein takes on different shapes doi:10.1126/science.abd4251SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of the rod-like prick protein played a crucial role in this COVID-19 pandemic.
This prickly protein binds to human cells through the ACE2 complex, then dramatically changes shape, causing a folding knife-like bend that fuses the cell membrane with the outer membrane of the coronavirus, opening the door to coronavirus infection.
in a new study, researchers from Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the United States froze pre- and post-fusion tinge proteins for the first time.
they also captured some surprising features of this prickly protein, which is also the main protein targeted by the antibodies we develop and is now used in most vaccines used in human testing.
results were published online July 21, 2020 in the journal Science, under the title "DistinctAtional States of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein."
by Dr. Bing Chen of Boston Children's Hospital.
they believe these unexpected traits may help SARS-CoV-2 evade the immune system and survive longer in the environment.
they may also have an impact on vaccine and treatment development.
4.Science: Explain that Chinese scientists have developed a SARS-CoV-2 strain adapted to mice that can be used to test vaccine efficacy doi:10.1126/science.abc4730 In a new study, Shihui Sun, Cheng-Feng Qin and Yusen Zhou of the Institute of Microbiology epidemiology of the Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences The late, Shibo Jiang, of Fudan University's Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, and others developed a SARS-CoV-2 strain adapted to mice that replicates efficiently in the respiratory tract and causes interstity pneumonia in immune-active wild mice.
, they tested the protective effect of a newly developed recombined sub-unit candidate vaccine in a mouse model challenged with the SARS-CoV-2 strain.
results were published online July 30, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Apply of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy".
In the new study, the researchers did not genetically modifie mice to express human ACE2, but instead adopted a new strategy: they improved a clinically observed SARS-CoV-2 strain to adapt it to the mice's respiratory tract.
they constructed the SARS-CoV-2 mutation, called MASCp6, which replicates in young and elderly mice, and both groups of mice developed pneumonia and inflammatory reactions after suffering from NASCP6 infection, a clinical feature observed in human patients.
the researchers said that the deep sequencing of the MASCp6 genome compared to SARS-CoV-2 suggests that mutations in the subject binding domain (RBD) of the virus's hedgehog protein may be the reason MASCp6 was able to enter ACE2-positive cells in mice.
5.Science: 100-year-old sexual parasitic mystery finally solved! Sacrifice immune function in exchange for male and female permanent con jumper doi:10.1126/science.aaz9445 deep-sea mackerel (anglerfish, also known as an ankang fish) uses an incredible breeding strategy.
the small male fish and the huge female fish permanently combine, fuse their tissues, and establish a common blood circulation.
this way, male fish rely entirely on the nutritional supply of females, just as developing fetuses in the mother's womb or donor organs in transplanted patients.
in mackerel, this unusual phenomenon, known as sexual parasitism, is the reason why these animals that live in vast areas of the deep sea are successful in breeding, otherwise females and males rarely meet.
since Icelandic fisheries biologists discovered the first consequent male and female fish in 1920, sexual parasitic phenomena have been a mystery for 100 years.
now, in a new study, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Paleogenetics in Germany and the University of Washington in the United States solved the 100-year-old puzzle and published their findings in the journal Science under the title "The immunogenetics of sexualism."
years ago, immunologist Dr Thomas Boehm, who works at the Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Oscientology, and Theodore W. Pietsch, an expert on mackerel at the University of Washington in Seattle, began studying the genomes of different species of mackerel.
first studied the structure of major tissue compatible (MHC) antigens.
molecules are found on the surface of the body's cells, which send an alarm signal to the immune system when they are infected by viruses or bacteria.
to ensure that all pathogens are effectively identified, MHC molecules change so much that it is difficult to find the same or near identical form of MHC in anywhere in a species.
is the root cause of tissue matching problems that plague human organs and bone marrow transplants.
interestingly, the researchers found thatfish using a permanent binding strategy largely removed the genes that encoded these MHC molecules, as if they had eliminated immune identification and opted for tissue fusion.
"In addition to the removal of this unusual MHC gene, we found that the ability to actively remove infected cells or attack foreign tissue during organ rejection, even without complete loss, is severely reduced," said Lead author Jeremy Swann of the Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Paleogenetics.
findings suggest that the herring's immune system is highly unusual among thousands of vertebrates.
"6.Science: Revealing the mechanism of fumarate-blocking cell coke death doi:10.1126/science.abb9818; doi:10.1126/science.abe0917 In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as the University of Massachusetts, Nanjing Medical University in China, and Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine found fumarate, also known as Yanhusoate, to be the inhibitor of cell coke.
results were published online August 20, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Succination inactivates gasdermin D and blocks pyroptosis".
they found that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) or endotopic fumarates delivered to cells reacted with gasdermin D (GSDMD) at critical cysteine residues to form S-(2-amber) -cysteine.
GSDMD amberylation prevents its interaction with caspase, limiting its ability to process, lyside, and induce cell death.
in mice,