1978-2004 China's "three rural" issues

Introduction: according to the U.S Food and agricultural policy research and Investigation Association in 1984, the problem of rural grain full warehouse uvu in China is essentially the problem of farmers This judgment is not only correct in the era of revolutionary war, but also correct after the founding of new China In a certain sense, the development of reform prospects means to start from solving the problem of farmers At the turn of spring and summer in uvu 1978, Anhui Province experienced a drought once in a century In most areas, there was no rain for eight or nine months, and there were more people and less land, which was a natural contradiction The institutional limitations of the people's commune made this contradiction more prominent The farmers in uvu Xiaogang Village couldn't wait Although at that time they were only allowed to contract production to the group, in a cold winter in 1978, someone proposed that "it's not good to do this (contract production to the group), and just contract production to the household", and the ball was kicked to Yan Hongchang, the vice leader of the production team Uvu "if you agree with my conditions, I will agree First, the first batch of grain in summer and autumn should be handed over to the state's public grain and the collective, and no one can pretend to be a coward Second, we are a dark household in the Ming Dynasty, and we are not allowed to tell the superiors and anyone outside the team, who tells us who is the enemy of the whole village "There is an old man in uvu who said," let me add another one In the future, if the captain of the team breaks the law and sits in the class room because he lets us contract production, the farm work of his family will be contracted by our whole team, and the children will be raised from the whole team to 18 years old "So we swore to do according to these three rules We divided livestock and farm tools into lots overnight and measured the land In the morning, the whole part was ready In the History Museum of Beijing, uvu kept their handprints of "cultural relics" to remind people that it was a very night Uvu uses today's popular saying that the hillbillers are "touching the bottom line of policy." "The result of this touch is the increase of farmers' income, the rapid spread of small post experience in Anhui Province, and the news quickly spread to the political center On January 24, 1980, Wanli came to Xiaogang "If you do this, the situation will be very good I want to do this I'm afraid no one dares to do it If you do this, I support you "Uvu May 31, 1980, Deng Xiaoping spoke After the relaxation of the "uvu" rural policy, some places suitable for contracted production to households have contracted production to households, with a large increase in production "Some comrades worry about whether this will affect the collective economy I don't think it is necessary "At present, the general problem in rural work is that ideological emancipation is not enough "Under the promotion of the central government, by July 1981, the joint production contract responsibility system was rapidly promoted In 1982, Du Runsheng, then director of the rural development research center of the State Council, presided over the drafting of the first central "No.1" document with the support of Wan Li, who had been promoted to Vice Premier The No.1 document of nearly ten thousand words of uvu is the name of "contract production to household" and "contract to household" The debate over the past few years has finally ended By 1984, Chinese farmers had the best life in history As a result of the reform of uvu, the output of one mu of land has increased by several hundred jin, and the incremental part can meet the needs of urban industrialization, collective economy and family Uvu in 1984, the rural grain warehouse was full, the farmers were jubilant, even the people on the other side of the ocean knew that Deng Xiaoping had made the reform, "Deng Xiaoping did a good job! "In 1984, the 35th anniversary of the national day, the slogan" Hello Xiaoping "on Tian'anmen Square is the highest evaluation of the Reformers by the Chinese people Uvu 1989: farmers are the cornerstone of stability uvu 1984, with record grain output, the extra grain was not consumed at once, from "having grain in hand, not panic in mind", to "selling grain is difficult" Wen Tiejun, a famous expert on "three rural issues" in uvu, was a young man at that time "The extra grain was not consumed by so many people at one time, so the storage was full and the price of grain was depressed In 1985, the grain output fell by more than 50 billion jin "Du Runsheng of uvu went to the countryside with his leaders and came to the conclusion that it is impossible to double the income task by relying on the existing agricultural production structure because the valley is cheap and the farmers are hurt A new structure is needed The new structure of "uvu" is to break the unified distribution system of agricultural products At the rural work conference in 1984, it was expected that the reform of the unified distribution system and the adjustment of the industrial structure would be the central task of the rural reform in 1985 "At this time of uvu, the farmers spontaneously adjusted their planting structure and started to grow cash crops such as cotton and vegetables, which made the agricultural commercialization improved At this time, the village collective also began to accumulate, and the "sudden rise" of township enterprises had a foundation Uvu Yu Zuoming appeared in the late 1970s, "one person, one trumpet, all blow my tune, not my tune, not one." "With the collective accumulation of 100000 yuan, Daqiuzhuang bought the old parts from the rolling mill at a low price and saved them into 3 rolling mills In that year, it earned more than 270000 yuan, and in the second year, it earned more than 600000 yuan Since the mid-1980s, the iron and steel enterprises in Daqiuzhuang began to split and expand rapidly One enterprise has grown into several, and the production lines of steel strip, wire rod and pipe have been built one by one The "double track system" under the shortage economy of uvu makes the steel's profit huge The state-owned iron and steel enterprises are controlled by the state's mandatory plan, and most of the steel products produced are allocated at par And the steel products of daeqiuzhuang are sold completely according to the market price With the rapid growth of uvu's national economy, the demand for goods in the era of shortage is accelerating The success of Daqiuzhuang shows that township enterprises at that time had institutional advantages over state-owned enterprises On March 1, 1984, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council forwarded the report on the new situation of the establishment of commune and team enterprises by the Ministry of agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries, and renamed the "commune and team enterprises" as "township enterprises", expanding the scope from the two levels of commune and team in the past to the township, village, consortium and individual Uvu township enterprises come from agricultural accumulation and feed agriculture quickly Farmers' non-agricultural employment and income increase have greatly stimulated the demand for urban industrial products In later words, China's economy has experienced a "golden growth" period A large number of rural surplus labor force in uvu is also absorbed by township enterprises, while the other part flows into cities in the middle and late 1980s Urban people begin to face these farmers who are not afraid of any hardship and can do any work If uvu is defined by time, before 1984, China's leading role was in the countryside After 1984, China's leading role has turned to the city, and large-scale investment has driven the high-speed operation of economic trains At the same time, the lag of the circulation system reform caused the competition of all kinds of non food and agriculture products In the late 1980s, TV screens were full of such reports For the reformers, the core issue of uvu in cities is to transform the national pricing system into a market-based pricing system In 1987, the Beidaihe conference of the Central Committee made a decision on this matter, but in that year, the agricultural harvest failed and the price of agricultural products rose directly, which led to the rise of prices The term "uvu inflation" was originally far away from China, but we also fell into this strange circle after 1987 At that time, it was determined to adopt shock therapy and break through the price barrier By 1988, the price index rose by 18.6%, and there was a rush to buy in the city At this time, under the inertia of household contract responsibility system, agriculture, rural areas and farmers were not the main problems in China at that time On the contrary, the institutional benefits brought by rural reform made rural areas the cornerstone of social stability The five "central No.1" documents of uvu since 1982 are undoubtedly the policy foundation for the rapid development and stability of China's rural areas From today's point of view, these documents have an important feature, that is, decentralization to the people: the uvu joint production contract responsibility system enables farmers to come out of the people's commune system, township enterprises enable some farmers to come out of the land, and allowing farmers to enter the city in the middle and late 1980s enables farmers to come out of the villages Uvu 1996: "three rural issues" gave birth to the economic weakness of uvu in the three years after 1989, which not only made urban people feel uncomfortable, but also farmers feel uncomfortable From this year on, not only the grain could not be sold out, but cotton, oil, tobacco, hemp and tea were all overstocked in our hands Uvu in 1991, a huge flood occurred in Anhui Province, and it was not discharged until the spring of the second year This is the so-called "waterlogging" disaster No way, Anhui people's Congress went out to work In 1992, Deng Xiaoping's South talk was published The whole national economy took off again, and the difficulty of selling grain was initially solved The rapid development of the city also supported the "working economy", so migrant workers became a "tide" The term "migrant workers' tide" of uvu first appeared in 1989 In this year, the unprecedented congestion of railway passenger transport during the Spring Festival has attracted the attention of all parties Then, the media exclaimed, "the wave of migrant workers" came! After the abolition of the people's commune in 1985, 61766 township governments with their own independent financial interests and corresponding charging power were established, and the institutions for managing farmers also emerged These grass-roots institutions in rural areas have more and more stalls, which need farmers to support them However, due to the rising economy, the problems caused by the burden of farmers have not been obvious, and the subsequent reform in 1994 has had a new impact on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" With the reform of uvu, the central government gradually feels that the financial resources are insufficient In order to carry out macro-control, the reform of tax sharing system must be carried out This reform will play a positive role in concentrating financial resources and accelerating the pace of construction However, the corresponding transfer payment system and the unified system of financial rights and powers have not been established in time, and maintaining the operation of rural grass-roots institutions increases the burden of farmers Uvu 2000: the tide of migrant workers in uvu the tide of migrant workers in January 2000 is fresh in many people's memory People in the city think that the farmers not only spent the Spring Festival in a round and round way, but also spent the Lantern Festival in a bustling way, and then came to work in the city In fact, on January 31, four days before the Spring Festival, 4 million migrant workers swarmed out of Sichuan "Everyone wants to spend the new year with their relatives at home," said Liao Yong, a Suining migrant worker "But it's the fourth time he's been out before the Spring Festival Uvu these people who spend the festival on the train surprised the city From the first to the fifth day of the new year, the number of passengers arriving at Guangzhou railway station reached 554000, an increase of 58.7% over the same period last year There are strange scenes here: on the one hand, there are migrant workers sitting on the ground waiting to go home, and on the other hand, there are migrant workers carrying large bags and small bags just getting off the train The life of urban people in uvu is not easy, economic growth has slowed down since 1998, employment opportunities have decreased, and a large number of workers have been laid off Some people regard the migrant workers who rush into the city as the burden of the city Uvu "you are a real farmer! The word "farmer" was originally a noun, but in the eyes of some city people, the word "farmer" can be used as an adjective! The city doesn't like them because they rob the city people of their jobs They give money or even rice to work Since 1998 and 1999, uvu began to stipulate in some cities: what industries are allowed to use migrant workers, what industries are strictly not allowed to use migrant workers, what industries can be used appropriately, and what industries are absolutely not allowed to use The cost of working in uvu is rising rapidly The price of train ticket, bus ticket, temporary residence permit and family planning are increasing And the farmers still have to run to the city When the peasants are in trouble, and the party and state leaders can't sleep at night for the "three rural issues", a figure appears He is the former party secretary of Qipan Township, Jianli County, Hubei Province Two hundred