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Directed Evolution Through DNA Shuffling for the Improvement and Understanding of Genes and Promoters
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Protein–protein/ DNA interactions, catalytic efficiency, or resilience to inhibitors can be improved by thousands of times.
Here we explain basic principles to follow and provide procedures for the preparation, fragmentation, efficient size fractionation, and purification of parental material, as well as for the reassembly and rescue polymerase chain reactions ( PCR s).
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The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence and Genome Reviews Databases
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Focusing on plant nucleotide sequences, we demonstrate how these data are accessed, how sequence similarity searches are performed and how we can obtain a wealth of additional information relating to genome sequences using Integr8.
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The Interaction Between Plant Viroid-Induced Symptoms and RNA Silencing
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
The combination of the use of a viroid-specific GFP-sensor, the grafting assays with plants silenced for the RDR6 and the analysis of siRNAs allows to address how to monitor viroid-specific RNA silencing and how to associate this regulatory pathway with symptom expression.
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Challenges Facing the Forest Industry in Relation to Seed Dormancy and Seed Quality
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Germination performance is enhanced by prescribing species-specific dormancy-breaking treatments to individual seedlots in bare-root and container nurseries.
For most conifer species in British Columbia, the dormancy-breaking treatments and germination conditions have been worked out, but fine-tuning and optimization could improve germination capacity and speed of germination.
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Robinia pseudoacacia.
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Butterfly flowers, the total shape of the flower sequence is 10 to 20 cm long, the crown white, with fragrance, 10 pieces of male.
hedgehogs are magpie tree species and are not resistant to shade.
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Fluorometric GUS Analysis for Transformed Plant Material
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Neomycin phosphotransferase II ( 1 ), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ( 2 ), luciferase ( 3 ), and β-glucuronidase (GUS; 4 ) genes may each be used to provide some indications of the extent and sites of gene expression.
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Melanaphis sacchari
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
In the spring, a lone female was born on the grass, and the 3 generation was winged, moving to the sorghum seedlings, breeding only on a small number of small leaves in the seedling base before the beginning of 7, in small numbers.
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Strategies for the Micropropagation of Bromeliads
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
In this chapter, a series of in vitro regenerative protocols for bromeliad mass propagation are described in detail.
Finally, the use of temporary immersion systems (TIS) for mass propagation is described in detail for two bromeliads:Aechmea fasciata , andVriesea brusquensis .
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Screening for Inhibitors of Chloroplast Galactolipid Synthesis Acting in Membrano and in Planta
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
The knowledge of the membrane lipid metabolism in photosynthetic cells is expected to benefit from the availability of inhibitors acting at the level of specific enzymes like MGD1 (E.C. 2.4.1.46) that catalyzes the synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) in chloroplasts.
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Pearson Golden Bell
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Sow in April-May, seed small, the use of indoor pot seeding, 7-11 days after seeding germination, seedling growth slow, real seedling conservation 2-3 years after flowering.
pests and diseases: There are mainly leaf rot and root-knotted worm disease hazards, with 65% zinc moisture powder 600 times sprayed.
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Legume Resources: MtDB and Medicago.Org
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
truncatula Consortium is to promote unrestricted sharing of data and information that are provided by Medicago research groups worldwide.
MtDB2.0 offers unrestricted access to advanced and powerful querying tools unmatched by any other public databases.
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The Expanding Universe of Mass Analyzer Configurations for Biological Analysis
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
All mass spectrometers combine ion formation, mass analysis, and ion detection.
A historical perspective of the progress in mass spectrometry that since 1965 until today have contributed to position this technique as an indispensable tool for biological research has been recently addressed by a privileged witness of this golden age of MS (Gelp� J.
Mass Spectrom 43:419–435, 2008; Gelp� J.
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Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Whole Viral Genomes
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
This protocol can efficiently create mutations of large inserts at multiple sites simultaneously and can be used to perform multiple rounds of mutation on the same construct.
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Real-Time PCR for Universal Phytoplasma Detection and Quantification
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Compared to nested PCR, this method is less sensitive to contamination and is less work intensive.
Therefore, a universal real-time PCR method will be valuable in screening programs and in other setups in which large numbers of samples are tested.
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Cola acuminata
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Flowers raw, no petals, flower handle on the top of the raw star mango fruit 4 to 5, length 8 to 10 cm, peel green, containing 5 to 9 hard white seeds, that is, cola fruit for commodities.
Coke fruit is now cultivated in West Africa, Jamaica, Brazil, India, Ghana and other countries.
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Tissue-Printing Methods for Localization of RNA and Proteins that Control Seed Dormancy and Germination
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Tissue printing provides a simple and rapid method to analyze localization of mRNA and protein at the tissue and cellular levels.
By the same principle, tissue-printing methods could also be valuable for elucidating the spatial characteristics of genes/proteins that control the inception, maintenance, and termination of seed dormancy.
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Auxin Analysis
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Fluorimetry is widely used for the analysis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) because it is more specific and therefore more sensitive than ultraviolet detection (for a reviewsee ref.
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Building Simulation Models of Developing Plant Organs Using VirtualLeaf
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Cell-based computational modeling and simulation are becoming invaluable tools in analyzing plant �development.
Here, we present a step-by-step, practical tutorial for building cell-based simulations of plant development withVirtualLeaf , a freely available, open-source software framework for modeling plant development.
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How to Use 2D Gel Electrophoresis in Plant Proteomics
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Nevertheless, 2D gel-based proteomics still has valuable features, and sometimes unique ones, which make it often an attractive choice when a proteomics strategy must be selected.
These features are detailed in this chapter, as is the rationale for selecting or not 2D gel-based proteomics as a proteomic strategy.
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Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Brachypodium distachyon
Time of Update: 2020-11-15
Recently, the complete annotated genome sequence of the diploid line Bd21 has been released.
Here, we describe an efficient procedure enabling theAgrobacterium -mediated transformation of a range of diploid and polyploid genotypes ofBrachypodium .
