wto and Chinese agriculture

Introduction: the bilateral and multilateral negotiations to be carried out after China's accession to the WTO have been completed, and China's accession to the WTO is imminent At present, the price of corn, wheat, rice, soybean and cotton in the world agricultural products market is 679, 804, 1161, 1462 and 9869 yuan per ton, while that in China is 1200, 1250, 1850, 2150 and 12550 yuan, 76.7%, 55.4%, 59.3%, 47% and 27.2% higher than that in the world market In terms of quality competition, many technical indicators of China's wheat and other grains are worse than those of foreign grains, and the technical indicators of cotton are not optimistic In addition, there are also many problems in the market of rice, flour and cotton mixed with polishing agent, whitening agent, sand and stone, and waste cotton cloth There is also a gap between China and foreign countries in the price and quality of agricultural products such as fruits Therefore, in addition to a small amount of tea and other agricultural products in the international market, China is in a competitive disadvantage There are three remarkable characteristics of agriculture in market economy countries: first, a very low proportion of the total population is engaged in agriculture, and cultivated land is concentrated in family farm enterprises, realizing large-scale operation Second, the capital accumulation of agriculture has already been completed, and the indirect capital systems such as finance, commerce, processing and other social service systems serving agriculture are also relatively perfect Third, although the government subsidies to agriculture have been reduced and limited after China's accession to the WTO, especially in recent years, the government support to agriculture in these countries has been reflected in the early accumulation of agricultural capital, or through other ways to circumvent the provisions of the WTO In terms of financial resources, more than 90% of the urban population and non-agricultural economy are able to support and subsidize less than 10% of the agricultural population and industries China's agriculture also has three remarkable characteristics: first, the proportion of the total population engaged in agriculture and labor force is too high, 65% and 50%, respectively Second, the level of capital accumulation in agriculture is very low Third, the government's ability to support agriculture is limited Experts from the Chinese Academy of agricultural sciences have predicted the world's future food production and supply and demand Considering population growth, per capita income growth and changes in food consumption structure, it is estimated that in 2005, it will reach 2.076 billion tons, and in 2010, it will reach 2.225 billion tons As the world food production exceeds the consumption, the world food inventory will increase by 4 percentage points in 2005 and 5 percentage points in 2010 The real trade price of world agricultural products will be a declining trend The long-term decline of world grain price is very disadvantageous to China's agriculture, especially after China's accession to the WTO, the international grain products enter the domestic market competition, and the impact on agriculture is conceivable Of course, first of all, we need to adjust the agricultural planting structure and plant some agricultural products with high added value, especially adjust the planting structure of grain and improve the quality of grain varieties China's urbanization process will be accelerated, the domestic consumption structure is changing, and the demand for consumption is also increasing Therefore, the change of diet structure causes the decrease of food consumption proportion, the increase of meat, egg, fruit, vegetable and beverage consumption proportion, and the increase of processed food consumption Compared with the grain quality of foreign countries, wheat and other flour in China are not strong enough to make bread and other disadvantages obviously do not adapt to the change of consumption trend Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the production structure of agricultural products according to the changing trend of consumption structure and requirements Secondly, agriculture should be specialized and large-scale production and operation From the perspective of economics, specialization can improve labor productivity, while large-scale production and operation can not only improve labor productivity, but also reduce the cost of allocation The mechanization, electrification, water conservancy and bioengineering of agricultural modernization need to pay the cost Small scale production and operation cannot afford the cost of this agricultural modernization Only the large-scale production and management of agriculture can share the cost of agricultural modernization and make it a reality Thirdly, we need to deepen the processing of agricultural products and provide cities with industrialized food and other processed products From the perspective of social demand, with the improvement of urban residents' income level, the opportunity cost of cooking at home, such as buying vegetables, mixing noodles, steaming steamed bread, rolling noodles, etc., is getting higher and higher People's consumption of leisure is also increasing after work, requiring more and more time for leisure rather than cooking; delicious and special food (especially fast food), drinks and dishes are also required Most of them can be made in specialized processing factories and restaurants The industrialization and socialization of food consumption is a major trend In addition, China has such a large population, such a strong population urbanization trend, and constantly improving income level, which provides a broad market prospect for the deep processing of agricultural products, especially the value-added of agricultural products In addition to food processing, the processing of other series of agricultural resources products also has a great future The problem is to attach importance to the development of agricultural products deep processing industry, to give some policy support, to reduce restrictions in all aspects, to reduce various government charges, and to encourage social investment in agricultural products processing industry The deep processing industry of agricultural products should also be moderately concentrated geographically, so that their pollution can be handled centrally, enterprises can produce on a large scale, and the external conditions of enterprises such as transportation, storage, information, city taste cooperation and infrastructure are more economical The deep processing industry of agricultural products should be combined with promoting the construction of small towns and cities, and become the link between cities and agricultural economy Fourth, in China, we need to rely more on market regulation to solve agricultural problems The demand of agricultural market gives farmers a signal of which products are not needed in the market and which products are increasing in the market, so farmers can adjust their planting structure; otherwise, they can purchase some products at a certain price, even if the market is surplus, farmers may still produce in the next year Grain and other products are distributed by market regulation, which can reduce transaction costs, while the cost of distribution by the state is very high In the past, we planned to purchase vegetables, meat and eggs, price them by the state, and distribute them by ticket As a result, the state-owned vegetable commercial institutions suffered serious losses and poor service attitude, while the supply of non-staple food was insufficient for a long time Later, the supply was liberalized The farmers grew their own plants and operated them by themselves The big merchants and peddlers wholesale and retail, so the supply was not tight Of course, these big businessmen and peddlers are unlikely to lose money Therefore, grain production and distribution should be guided by the market Fifth, national legislation, justice and governments at all levels should manage well the agricultural market and the circulation of agricultural products One of the urgent tasks is to crack down on the illegal and criminal acts of pitching peasants and harming them Fake pesticides, fake fertilizers, fake hormones, fake seeds, fake and inferior agricultural machinery products, and the lack of payment for agricultural products, etc have been the economic and social problems of pitching and harming agriculture It is necessary to link up the professional law and criminal law in legislation, and improve the sentencing Those who seriously harm farmers, whether they are individuals or legal representatives, should be severely punished in criminal law, and be ruined economically For example, those who sell fake seeds and cause great loss of thousands of mu of land can even be punished with severe punishment and capital punishment Such a criminal law will be supported by the majority of farmers and all sectors of society The second urgent task is to strictly rectify the illegal activities that some departments set up cards on the roads to collect the vehicle fees of farmers' transport of agricultural products, clear up the items of transportation fees, and reduce the transportation fees of agricultural products in China With the process of agricultural specialization, large-scale management and urbanization, the transportation channels of agricultural products need to be unblocked and the transportation costs should be reduced How can you compete with foreign agricultural products when they are transported, loaded, unloaded and stored at home, then across the sea, loaded, unloaded, stored and transported to your Chinese market at a lower cost of freight than domestic agricultural products? Now some agricultural products cost high, can not sell out, rotten in the ground, in addition to other reasons, and some departments in the road charges are all related! When the departments issue the so-called inspection, card setting, charging and other items without authorization, the leaders and decision makers shall be investigated for their responsibilities, and those who violate the law shall be investigated for criminal responsibility with the crime of dereliction of duty We can't fight against lawbreakers all the time, but we can't rectify the "departments" and their decision makers that infringe on the interests of farmers This aspect of sentencing can also be considered more serious, so that all departments can become the model of protecting China's agriculture after China's accession to the WTO, rather than the Yamen that infringes on its own agriculture The Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to rectifying the "Three Chaos" of highways and have done a lot of work However, the phenomenon of "Three Chaos" still occurs on some highways, which needs to be strengthened and rectified for a long time The third urgent task is to crack down on the illegal activities of producing and selling fake and inferior agricultural products Some criminals Polish rice, add whitener in flour, fill oil with gutter oil, mix stone rags in cotton Wait This is actually destroying the reputation of China's domestic agricultural products market My own food in China is not safe to eat, so I want to eat foreign food Don't say the price of your Chinese agricultural products You can't compete with foreign products even in terms of reputation Your products are poisonous and harmful Foreign agricultural products are more expensive, but they are not adulterated or harmful How can you compete with them? If these fake agricultural products are manufactured and sold on the market, their punishment and sentencing should also be increased In fact, people's internal organs are vulnerable to such diseases as cancer and liver necrosis after taking these drugs, which is no doubt as hateful as opening up a black shop to put drugs for sweating and killing money It should also be punished economically for the loss of one's property In criminal cases, it can also be sentenced to severe punishment and capital punishment It is gratifying that the Central Committee and the State Council have taken the rectification of market order as an important work this year and have made some achievements in cracking down on illegal market activities involving agriculture This work still needs to be deepened, legalized, regular and standardized At present, some cases involving agriculture have not been settled, and some of them are caused by local protectionism: no matter what happens to these lawbreakers, they have paid taxes and increased employment for the local area Some of them have umbrellas in all aspects, and they do illegal things without people's control; some people report it and punish it with light punishment; if they are detained, they will pay some ransom in a few days and release it again; when they come out, they will increase the cost of farming and making holidays, and they will recover the loss of imprisonment and paying fines How can mine farming and harmful activities be restrained? It's only getting stronger Therefore, the state organs and governments at all levels should overcome local protectionism, and the officials and departments involved in agriculture should be honest and upright, so as to think about the interests of farmers To do a good job in the above three aspects is to protect farmers the most and help farmers cope with the best actions of WTO China's financial resources for agricultural protection are insufficient, so we can give more legal protection and policy protection to farmers This is not limited by the WTO, but may also be encouraged by the WTO However, in order to cope with China's accession to the WTO, China's agriculture may still need to transfer the surplus labor force of agriculture In international trade, it is necessary to turn its disadvantages of more people and less land into its advantages, and turn its advantages of less people and more land into its own