Wish you remember me-Heliyon selection of World Alzheimer's Day

Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary September 21, 2021 is the 28th "World Alzheimer's Day", the theme is "Know Dementia, Know Alzheimer's"-focusing on the popularization of knowledge, early screening Check and early diagnosis
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At present, China has 5 million patients with Alzheimer's disease, accounting for a quarter of the total number of cases in the world, bringing heavy burdens and pain to society and countless families
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The most unacceptable thing about Alzheimer's disease is that patients will gradually lose their intelligence and memory, and their relatives will meet like strangers
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Through film and television dramas and variety shows, people's attention to Alzheimer's disease is increasing day by day, and the understanding of the symptoms of the disease has also been deepened
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How to correctly understand the disease, increase awareness of disease prevention, and recognize early signs is still the key to early intervention and control of Alzheimer's disease
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The prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease requires the participation of you, me and him, and together they become the main force of this action
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Now, please read Heliyon's latest Alzheimer's disease article special edition with the editor to learn about the research progress of this disease! Toxoplasma gondii may be the pathogen of Alzheimer's disease.
Toxoplasma gondii, as one of the most common neurophilic pathogens, can cause different pathological changes in various mammals such as humans as the intermediate host
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About one-third of the world's population is infected with Toxoplasma gondii
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The potential role of Toxoplasma gondii in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other mental diseases has always been a hot spot in scientific research.

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It can use the host's immune response, central nervous system inflammation changes, neurotransmitter levels and indoleamine-2,3-deoxygenase and other mechanisms to play a role in the progression of AD
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The team of Ahmad Daryani of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in Iran published the latest research to evaluate the potential role of Toxoplasma gondii in the development of AD through a literature review
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The researchers searched six English databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest and Google Scholar)
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The review results support that Toxoplasma gondii is involved in the induction and development of AD
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As a risk factor for the development of AD, Toxoplasma gondii requires special attention from experts and patients
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The results of this study have reference significance for preventing or delaying the progress of AD worldwide
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Further research is needed in the future to find out the parasite mechanism in the progress of AD
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Use multi-convolutional neural network for hippocampus segmentation for epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease research The Diedre Carmo team of the University of Campinas in Brazil published the latest research
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Background: The segmentation of the hippocampus in MRI is of key significance for the diagnosis, treatment decision and research of neuropsychiatric diseases
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Automatic segmentation is a relatively active research field, and many related deep learning models have recently appeared
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At present, the most advanced hippocampus automatic segmentation method is to use public data sets for training in healthy people or Alzheimer's disease patients
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However, whether these methods can accurately identify the hippocampus of patients with epilepsy after hippocampalectomy is currently unclear.

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New method: This article proposes a state-of-the-art automatic segmentation method for the hippocampus, which is an open source project based on deep learning
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By using the extended 2D multi-azimuth method, this method can realize automatic preprocessing and azimuth arrangement
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This method uses HarP, a public Alzheimer's disease hippocampus segmentation data set, in the development and testing phase
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Results and comparison: The researchers compared this method with other latest deep learning methods in the HarP dataset and the HCUnicamp dataset.
HCUnicamp is an internal epilepsy dataset containing hippocampal resection data
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Research shows that although the method proposed in this paper is only trained in HarP, the Dice coefficients in HarP and HCUnicamp exceed those in other literatures
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It also shows the training and test results in HarP and HCUnicamp respectively, and compares the two
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Conclusion: Although the Dice coefficient of the current state-of-the-art methods including the method in this article can reach above 0.
9 in HarP, all the tested methods produce false positives in the results of HCUnicamp, which indicates that the hippocampus segmentation method after resection is still Room for further improvement
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Alzheimer's disease rat model mesenchymal stem cells can be used as a stimulating factor for neurogenesis and synaptic function.
Fariba Zafari, Qazvin Medical University, Iran, published the latest research
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Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that can lead to cognitive dysfunction and dementia, and gradually worsens with age
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At present, cell therapy is a research hotspot in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, but an effective treatment plan for AD has not yet been found
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OBJECTIVE: In this study, a rat model of AD induced by β-amyloid 1-42 was used to explore the potential role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) in neurogenesis and synapseogenesis
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Methods: First, separate hUMSCs and hAD-MSCs from umbilical cord stroma and adipose tissue, and confirm the interstitial (CD73, CD90 and CD105) and hematopoietic (CD45 and CD133) markers of hUMSCs and hAD-MSCs by flow cytometry The expression of things
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The rat hippocampus was injected with β-amyloid 1-42 to establish a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease, which was further confirmed by Morris water maze and immunohistochemical staining
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Three months after the administration of the cells, the deposition of β-amyloid in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of rats was detected
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Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of synaptic protein and GAP43 protein, and Nissl staining was used to evaluate neurodeath
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Results: The data obtained by flow cytometry showed that the surface stroma and hematopoietic markers of fibroids isolated from adipose tissue and umbilical cord were highly expressed in hUMSCs, and most of them were expressed in hAD-SCs
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Compared with the β-amyloid group, transplantation of MSCs reduced β-amyloid deposition in the hippocampus of AD rats
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Compared with the control group, the death rate of hippocampal neurons in rats treated with β-amyloid protein increased significantly
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The percentage of apoptotic cells in this group was 72.
98±1.
25, which was significantly higher than that in the control group
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Compared with the β-amyloid protein group, transplantation of hUMSCs or hAD-SCs reduced the apoptosis rate of hippocampal nerve cells by 39.
47±0.
01 (P = 0.
0001) and 43.
23±0.
577 (P = 0.
001), respectively
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Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation resulted in a significant increase in the expression levels of synaptic markers (synapsin) and neurogenic markers (GAP43), which were 1.
289±0.
112 (P = 0.
02) and 1.
112± in the hUMSCs treatment group, respectively 0.
106 (P = 0.
005) times, 1.
174±0.
105 (P = 0.
04) and 0.
978±0.
167 (P = 0.
008) times in the hAD-SCs treatment group, respectively
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Conclusion: Intravenous injection of hUMSCs and hAD-MSCs is safe and effective, and can improve the neurogenesis and synapse development of Alzheimer's disease models by up-regulating the expression levels of synapse protein and GAP43 protein
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Intravenous injection of these two stem cells can improve learning and cognitive impairment induced by β-amyloid 1-42 injection
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Use orderly core features and machine learning to recognize and describe the different stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
The Jinhua Sheng team at Hangzhou Dianzi University has previously developed the HCPMMP joint analysis method to divide the cerebral cortex.
There are 360 ​​areas
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Based on the joint analysis method, the team put forward the concept of ordered core feature (OCF) for the first time in this article, which is used to reveal Alzheimer's disease (AD), advanced mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), and early mild cognitive impairment (LMCI).
The brain function connection between different cohorts such as cognitive impairment (EMCI) and healthy control (HC)
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The researchers extracted a set of core network features that change significantly under specific gradual relationships and used them as a supervised machine learning classifier
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This group of network nodes are mainly located in the frontal lobe and insular lobe, forming a narrow ribbon structure.
These nodes are the cause of cognitive impairment
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Based on these features, the accuracy of binary classification between any queues can reach 86.
0% to 95.
5%, compared with 70.
1% to 91.
0% when using all network features
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In the multi-group classification, the average accuracy of HC, EMCI, LMCI or EMCI, LMCI, AD is 75% or 78%, and the baseline is 33%; the average accuracy of HC, EMCI, LMCI and AD is 53.
3%, and the baseline is 25%
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When EMCI and LMCI patients are combined into a group of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for classification, the recognition rate is low, indicating that there is a big difference between early and late MCI patients
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This finding confirms the EMCI/LMCI inclusion criteria based on neuropsychological evaluation introduced by ADNI
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In the Alzheimer’s disease TgF344-AD rat model, the hippocampal ripples regulated by α5GABA-A receptors will cause prodromal dysfunction before neurodegeneration.
For decades, various attempts have been made to delay Alzheimer’s disease.
Research on the onset of Zheimer's disease (AD) shows that a deep exploration of memory will be the key to discovering effective treatments for AD
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The team of David H.
Farb of Boston University in the United States used TgF344-AD transgenic rats as a β-amyloid-induced early-onset AD model, using α5IA (a mature memory enhancer, which is also a synaptic extraregulatory active α5GABA-A receptor Selective negative xenogeneic modulator) as a probe drug to explore whether precursor neural network dysfunction occurs in the hippocampal three-synaptic circuit
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The results showed that in a familiar environment, oral bioavailable α5IA increased the average emission rate of CA1 pyramidal cells in wild F344 rats during foraging, and the peak amplitude of ripples when awake
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At 9 months of TgF344-AD rats, that is, before AD-like pathology and memory dysfunction occurred, their CA1 ripples did not respond to α5IA
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TgF344-AD rats express human β-amyloid precursor protein (Swedish type mutation) and human presenilin 1 (Δ exon 9 mutation)
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The study found that the levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40 in the serum of rats at 3 months of age were very high
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This is the first evidence that the dysfunction of the precursor α5GABA-A receptor is produced in the rippled hippocampal trisynaptic circuit in AD-like transgenic rats
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Because the α5GABA-A receptor exists outside the synapse and at the synaptic contact, the negative regulation of the α5GABA-A receptor-mediated rigidity and phase inhibition can enhance CA1 ripple and memory consolidation, but this regulatory mechanism is in the onset of AD The early stages of this have been lost
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Alzheimer-like cell death after inhaling vanadium pentoxide.
The toxicity of vanadium (V) depends on its oxidation state, and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is the most toxic to living cells : According to reports, oral administration can induce changes in exercise activity and learning; IP administration in rats can increase the level of lipid peroxidation in the cerebellum and the concentration of free radicals in the hippocampus and cerebellum
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After mice inhaled V2O5, their Leydig cells and Sertoli cells showed a decrease in the amount of tubulin; there are also reports that inhalation of V2O5 can induce the loss of dendritic spines, necrosis, and changes in hippocampal nerve cells
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The direct consequence of the interaction between vanadium and cytoskeletal components has led researchers to believe that V2O5 exposure may cause the death of neurons in the hippocampus, similar to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
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This work by the Maria Rosa Avila-Costa team at the National Autonomous University of Mexico aims to use Bielschowsky staining to determine the changes in the CA1 cytoskeleton of the rat pyramidal hippocampus exposed to V2O5
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Male Wistar rats inhaled 0.
02 M V2O5 twice a week for 1 hour each time for 2 months and 6 months respectively
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The results showed that the death of neurons in rats after inhalation of V2O5 reached 56.
57% after 6 months; compared with the control group, a large number of argyrophilic cells and contractile somatic cells appeared in the hippocampal CA1 cells of all rats exposed to V2O5 , The typical flame-like hemorrhage, and the distortion of somatic dendrites
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Axons and dendrites showed thick dark bands, indicating that they were replaced by obvious thickening, nodules, and linear traces of cytoskeletal fibrin
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Research results show that inhalation of V2O5 can induce cell death similar to Alzheimer's disease, and there are obvious cytoskeletal changes
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A new type of 1-benzyl-4-((4-oxoquinazoline-3(4H)-yl) as a potential dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase )Methyl)pyridine-1-onium derivatives (BOPs) design, synthesis and biological evaluation Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most serious neurodegenerative diseases, mainly composed of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and cortex Caused by loss of neurotransmitter
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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) dual inhibitors are increasingly used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
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The Alireza Foroumadi team of Tehran Medical University in Iran reported the design and synthesis of a new 1-benzyl-4-((4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)methyl)pyridine-1- Sequences of onium derivatives (BOPs) and evaluated as BuChE and AChE inhibitors
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The Ellman method was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of AChE and BuChE
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Docking studies have also been conducted to predict its mechanism of action
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In all synthesized compounds, 1-(3-bromobenzyl)-3-((4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)methyl)pyridinium bromide (BOP-1) It is the most active compound, with the dual activity of inhibiting AChE (IC50=5.
90±0.
07μM) and BuChE (IC50=6.
76±0.
04μM); 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-((6,7-Methoxy-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)methyl)pyridine-1-ium chloride (BOP-8) showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity (IC50s=1.
11±0.
09μM)
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The synthesized compounds BOP-1 and BOP-8 can be used as valuable lead compounds for the further development of drugs against AD
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The protective effect of Indian catechin methanol extract on the neurotoxicity caused by aluminum chlorate Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegeneration Sexual diseases vary in their manifestations, course of disease, and causes
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Although its clinical features have long been clear, so far, no treatment has been developed that can improve pathological conditions or slow down disease manifestations
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Indian catechu methanol extract (ICME) has a variety of beneficial effects and can be used to treat a variety of difficult diseases
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This study by the team of Mansoura University in Egypt and Mohamed Salama, American University in Cairo, Egypt used aluminum chloride (AlCl3) to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ICME on AD rat models
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Animal behavior tests and landmark pathological results show that ICME has a positive impact on the course of AD through its anticholinesterase effect and significant antioxidant effect
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