What is anthrax?

Introduction: what is anthrax? How to prevent and eliminate? Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis The main symptoms are skin ulcer, black scab, like charcoal, so it is called anthrax Anthrax is an infectious disease of cattle, sheep, horses, camels and other herbivores, which is more common in pastoral areas When human beings contact with or deal with the blood, secretion, excreta, pollutants and fur of sick animals, the pathogenic bacteria can invade the human body through the damaged skin and mucous membrane, or inhale the dust and aerosol containing bacteria to cause pulmonary anthrax, or eat the combined blood and meat to cause intestinal anthrax The transmission between human beings is very rare The disease is more common in fur factory workers, slaughterhouse workers, breeders, veterinarians and so on Anthrax is the most common form of skin contact with Bacillus anthracis The incubation period of this disease is usually 1-3 days Clinically, there are three types of anthrax: skin, lung and intestine, all of which can be complicated with meningitis Skin anthrax in the face, neck, forearm or other parts of the body exposed to the red macula, it is very determined to become a papule, the second day there are blisters at the top, containing light yellow liquid, surrounding tissue swelling obviously, solid, pressure without depression On the third to the fourth day, there was necrosis and hemorrhage in the center, slightly sunken, a group of small blisters around, and the edema area continued to expand; on the fifth to the seventh day, the necrosis area broke into shallow ulcers, blood like secretions formed black crusts, under which there was granulation tissue The diameter of the black crusts was generally 1-3 cm, and the diameter of the edema area could be more than 5-10 cm There was no obvious pain or tenderness in the local area, but there was a little itching and no purulence One week later, the edema gradually subsided, and the scab fell off within 1-2 weeks, leaving granulation wound, and then healed and scabbed in 1-2 weeks In addition to skin lesions, there may also be fever, local lymphadenopathy, toothache, headache and general malaise Pulmonary anthrax is mainly caused by inhalation of spores It has acute onset, dyspnea, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis and other symptoms, and soon enters into a state of collapse, which is very critical Intestinal anthrax is mainly caused by eating undercooked diseased animal meat Mild symptoms are similar to food poisoning, including vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and watery stools Severe abdominal pain is as severe as acute abdomen with bloody stools and peritonitis, and the symptoms of systemic poisoning are significant Anthrax meningitis is the co occurrence of the above types of anthrax It develops rapidly and is very dangerous It has severe headache, vomiting, delirium, coma, spasm, obvious meningeal irritation, and most of CSF is bloody In order to prevent and eliminate anthrax, we should first eliminate the anthrax of livestock After the death of a sick animal, it is necessary to burn it or bury its corpse below 2m deep The patient should be isolated, and its secretion and excreta, bedroom and utensils should be disinfected Fur factory workers should wear work clothes, masks and gloves If the skin is damaged, apply it with iodine immediately The workers, veterinarians, breeders, herders, purchase and marketing personnel of livestock products who often contact with livestock products can be vaccinated with anthrax vaccine once a year Penicillin is a specific drug for this disease For severe patients, streptomycin and / or tetracycline can be used together Biological weapon attack protection and health and epidemic prevention biological attack is to kill and destroy people, livestock and crops with pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and other biological warfare agents Toxins are toxic substances produced by living things and are usually classified as biological warfare agents Most biological warfare agents can make people sick, dead, infectious and have a incubation period of several hours to several weeks During the Japanese War of aggression against China, a large number of biological warfare agents such as Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia pestis were tested It is reported that Iraq and other countries have biological warfare agents such as anthrax Cambodia and other countries have found the use of commonly known as "yellow rain" T-2 toxin With the development of bioengineering technology, many new virulent pathogens, viruses and toxins have been found Due to the possibility of biological warfare agent terrorist activities and diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Ebola virus, dengue virus and 0.157 E.coli in the world in recent years, biological protection and health epidemic prevention have attracted extensive attention of people all over the world The principle of biological warfare and epidemic prevention is consistent 1 The biological warfare agent pollution protection area is the area where the enemy can directly detect and detect the use of biological warfare agents The pollution area caused by spraying biological warfare agent is larger than that caused by explosion The fluidity of the infected insects also affects the size of the polluted area The personnel protection measures in the biological warfare agent pollution area include the following contents 1 For the personnel in the biological warfare agent attack area, they should take the initiative to report the pollution symptoms and collect samples from the health and epidemic prevention departments, so as to vaccinate them according to the types of biological warfare agents, that is, to give preventive shots For example, vaccination with penta vaccine can effectively prevent the infection of typhoid, dysentery, cholera, pertussis and tetanus Other vaccines such as plague, anthrax, smallpox virus and botulinum toxin are available 2 Abide by the regulations of isolation area Generally, a large isolation area shall be defined around the biological warfare agent pollution area to prevent the epidemic of infectious diseases The contaminated area shall be isolated and sealed off, and the isolated personnel shall be subject to medical observation or treatment Irrelevant personnel are not allowed to go in and out, so as to reduce the assembly activities, so as to prevent the spread of the epidemic; when personnel in the polluted area act, they should carry out personal protection according to the road and line actions specified by the civil air defense professionals, and abide by the rules of action in the polluted area and the isolated epidemic area; when finding the infected patients, they should report, isolate, treat and prevent the infection early; pay attention to the food hygiene, tableware and washing utensils They should be mixed to prevent eating food contaminated by biological warfare agents 3 Ways of infection and protective measures Biological warfare agents can infect diseases by inhalation, ingestion and insect bites Therefore, the personal protection method for biological warfare agents is to wear, bind, smear and wear Wear: wear gas mask, mask, or cover mouth and nose with towel; wear gloves, plastic clothes, anti epidemic clothes, hats, rubber shoes, etc Tie: tie the neckline, cuffs and pants Apply: apply insect repellent or repellent to exposed parts of the body Skin protection, especially to protect the wound Service: that is to say, the personnel who are directly in contact with biological warfare agents shall take effective and long-term preventive drugs according to the notice of civil air defense or the instructions of health and epidemic prevention personnel The civil air defense project with perfect three prevention facilities is a good place for protection and should be used as much as possible 4 Kill bacteria and viruses The houses, clothes and appliances polluted by biological warfare agents shall be fumigated or wiped with bleaching powder, formalin, peracetic acid, etc Indoor sterilization shall be carried out in combination with ventilation For personnel, the contaminated parts can be wiped with iodine, XiBiTai and soapy water, and then washed with clean water Take off the clothes and boil for 30-60 minutes, or soak in 1% potassium permanganate solution Seriously polluted food should be destroyed The surface of the sealed package can be wiped with disinfectant for 2-3 times, and placed for 30 minutes, then boiled and steamed for consumption Vegetables and fruits can be soaked in 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for 30 minutes, and can be eaten after passing the inspection; for drinking water without protection in the polluted area, the flowing water should be selected and boiled for more than 15 minutes before drinking You can also use bleaching powder, add 0.4g/l, stir evenly, and drink it after 15 minutes 5 Killing insects and rats, such as flies, mosquitoes and rats, is an important vector of infectious diseases and should be eliminated Kill by beating, catching, burning, fumigating or spraying insecticides, such as dichlorvos and pyrethroids Methods of deratization include killing with instruments, digging rat holes, irrigating rat holes, cat catching and killing with deratization drugs Pay attention to the safety of personnel when using rodenticides, and properly handle the bodies of insects, rats and other small animals with pathogens Some bacteria have a strong survival ability, such as anthrax, which can survive for 10-20 years when the conditions are suitable, so it is still necessary to adhere to sterilization and deep burial for buried dead animals with bacteria 2 The use of biological warfare agents in epidemic areas may lead to the epidemic of infectious diseases Like infectious diseases in peacetime, sanitation and epidemic prevention should be carried out in epidemic areas Generally, we should pay attention to: 1 Three links of infectious disease epidemic: infectious source, transmission route and susceptible population 2 Without any of them, infectious diseases will not spread The protective measures are to make people free from bacteria Once they are infected with bacteria, they should be vaccinated as soon as possible to form resistance 2 When infectious diseases are prevalent, cut off any one of the three links, and the epidemic can be stopped (1) control the source of infection Many infectious diseases have been infectious before the onset of the disease When infectious disease symptoms appear in the early stage of the disease, the most infectious Therefore, patients with infectious diseases should be found, diagnosed, treated and isolated as early as possible to prevent the spread of infectious sources Disinfect the biologically polluted areas and properly dispose of the animals suffering from infectious diseases in time (2) cut off the transmission channels Try not to contact with the isolation personnel and articles, pay attention to bandaging the wound, and form the skin disinfection habit Do not eat unclean food Prevent inhalation of air with bacteria (3) protect the susceptible population During the epidemic period of infectious diseases, we should pay attention to protect the elderly, children, the weak and vulnerable, and do not let the vulnerable contact with the pollution source; we should vaccinate the vulnerable to improve their immunity (4) carry out patriotic health campaign to eliminate the living conditions of pathogens Including frequent bathing, frequent changing clothes, frequent hairdressing, frequent drying of bedding, no eating of raw and cold food, keeping the room clean and tidy, strengthening indoor ventilation; dredging the sewer, filling up the dead water pit, keeping the toilet clean, removing weeds and garbage; eliminating flies, mosquitoes, rats, bedbugs and other animals and sick animals Try not to get sick.