The weight-for-weight highlights study that Nature magazine had to look at in August.

!-- webeditor: page title-- Time is always passing by in a hurry, and in the blink of an eye August is coming to an end, what are the highlights of Nature magazine's research worth learning in the coming August? Small editor on the relevant articles have been organized, with you to learn! Photo credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain 1 Nature: Antioxidant-rich foods such as black tea, chocolate and berries may increase the risk of colorectal cancer Doi:10.1038/s41586-020-254 1-0 There is a long-standing problem for doctors, that is, small intestine cancer is very rare, but colorectal cancer is very common, colorectal cancer is adjacent to the small intestine is a very small organ, and colorectal cancer is also one of the main causes of death from cancer, so why does colorectal tissue appear cancer? To answer this question, in a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from institutions such as the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found that cancer mutations may not be a bad thing in themselves. It's not about spreading cancer, but if the gut microbiome can produce a lot of metabolites, such as certain bacteria and antioxidant-rich foods found in certain bacteria such as black tea and hot cocoa, it can become a particularly suitable environment for genetic mutations and accelerate cancer growth.
article, when the researchers carefully analyzed gastrointestinal cancers, they looked at the gut microbiome and found out why only 2% of cancers occur in the small intestine, while up to 98% of cancers occur in the colon, one of the most important of the two organs. The difference is that the level of the intestinal bacteria they carry, the lower levels in the small intestine, and the higher levels in the colon, so scientists are increasingly concerned about the key role of the gut microbiome in the health of the body, both positive and in some cases promoting disease.
: Design a new mRNA vaccine doi:10.1038/s41586-020-262 to keep the new coronavirus prickly protein in the pre-fusion configuration 2-0 In a new study, the first experimental mRNA vaccine in the United States to enter human trials, with the help of a carefully modified prickly protein, has been shown to cause neutral antibodies and beneficial T-cell reactions.
results were published online August 5, 2020 in the journal Nature under the title "SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by pathogen preparedness".
vaccine, called mRNA-1273, was developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in collaboration with the biotech company Moderna.
The latest study on the Modelna-NIH vaccine, which recently entered Phase III human clinical trials, describes preclinical studies in mice and important genetic modification of the prickly protein by a team at the University of Texas at Austin.
part of this paper describes how the prickly protein that fuses SARS-CoV-2 with the host cell and infects it remains stable.
early study of coronavirus is crucial to the fastest progress from virus genome sequencing to human vaccine testing, which will take only 66 days.
several things are key to the rapid development of the vaccine, including understanding the precise atomic level structure of the prickly protein and how to keep it stable, the researchers said.
this happened very quickly, it was possible to develop the vaccine because of years of early research.
: Uncovering the molecular mechanism of oxygen-deprived signals in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of sodium ions doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2551-y In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, from Madrid, Spain Scientists at the National Cardiovascular Research Center and others have revealed molecular mechanisms for increased production of active oxygen (ROS) in the early stages of hypoxia (acute reduction of oxygen in tissues), and the findings represent a major advance in cell physiology research, with future researchers likely to develop treatments for a variety of diseases that play a key role in hypoxia, such as strokes and heart attacks.
In most uclear cells, energy is generated by oxygen consumed in mitochondrial oxyphosphate systems (OXPHOS), which produces reactive oxygen that until recently researchers discovered that reactive oxygen may be metabolicly toxic; Adaptive response, the molecular mechanism of cell response to persistent hypoxia, won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; this long-term reaction to hypoxia is mediated by low oxygen induction factors (HIF), but the body has a rapid way to react to hypoxia conditions that are not dependent on HIF, and is mediated by reactive oxygen.
: Revealing the molecular pathogenesies of the key molecule HDAC3 that controls both sides of the body's inflammation, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2576-2 In a study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania found that a group of protein deacetylase 3 (HDAC3, histone) Special proteins may act as a coordinator for the body's immune system's response to infection; after studying specially cultured cells and small animal models, the researchers found that HDAC3 may have been directly involved in the production of harmful pathogenic agents and in maintaining a steady state in the body; and that some methods are being tested to protect against cancer and harmful inflammation, such as sepsis, while targeted molecules such as HDAC3 can actually have unintended consequences.
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page title"--Our results suggest that HDAC3 may be the key to the body's congenital immune response because it has both yin and yang sides, which can induce inflammation and slow inflammation, said Mitchell A. Lazar, M.D.
now that we understand this, we should be more aware of what we need to target when testing drugs and fighting potentially deadly inflammation.
inflation is a highly complex defensive mechanism used by the body's congenital immune system, that is, it is a person's innate thing, not like the rest of the body's immune system is obtained from the day after birth; But it also includes changes in blood flow and vascular permeability, as well as the migration of white blood cells; if well regulated, the inflammatory response quickly and accurately locates and eliminates potential hazards, and then the body enters an anti-inflammatory process that helps remove damaged tissue so that the body can begin to heal and repair.
: New Discovery! Before the body infects the pathogen, the gut microorganisms may shape the production of a variety of antibodies in the body! doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2564-6B cells are white blood cells that develop antibodies that produce antibodies that can be associated with harmful foreign particles (viruses or pathogenicity) Bacteria, etc., bind and block their invasion of the host and infection of the body's cells, each B cell carries a single B-cell recipient (BCR) which helps determine the binding of exogenous substances, as if each lock could accept a different key.
The body has millions of B cells carrying different receptors, and the huge diversity of B cells stems from the rearrangement of the encoded receptor genes, so the receptors on the surface of each B cell are slightly different, allowing them to identify billions of different harmful molecules;
, in a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from the University of Bern and others analyzed the expression of billions of genes produced by coded antibodies in a system that allows them to understand how genes respond to individual benign gut microbes.
The number of benign microorganisms that live in the gut is about the same as the number of cells in the body, and most bacteria stay in the gut and cannot penetrate the body's tissues, but unfortunately some of the penetration processes in the gut microbiome are unavoidable because the gut has only one layer of cells that separate/isolate the blood vessels we need to absorb food nutrients from the inside of the blood vessels.
photo source: Ella Maru Studio 6 Nature: ENCODE has made significant progress! Scientists have succeeded in mapping a complete catalog of molecular components that regulate gene expression! Doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02139-1 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy and others successfully developed a complete catalog of molecular elements/components that regulate gene expression.
researchers say the 17-year-old project has now produced a detailed genome map that could reveal the location of thousands of potential gene-regulating regions, a resource that could help all human biology research move forward in the future.
Of the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome, only 2% of the bases encode proteins that build and maintain the body's function, and 98% contain potential gene-regulating regions that provide cells with the instructions they need. Despite its importance and universality in converting protein formulations into extremely complex organisms, researchers are currently significantly less interested in non-coding gene regions than in gene coding regions, in part because scientists have some difficulty in studying non-coding regions.
: How can you effectively slow tumor growth and progress by easily pressing the metabolic switch? Doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2609-x In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from the University of California and other institutions found that enzymes called serine palmitoyl-transferase (SPT, serine palmitoyl-transferase) can act as a metabolic reaction switch to inhibit tumor growth.
By limiting dietary amino acids serine and glycine, or pharmacologically targeted synthase-phosphate glycerine dehydrogenase, researchers can induce tumor cells to produce a toxic lipid that slows the progression of tumors in mice, and later researchers need to conduct further studies to determine whether this method can be converted into clinical patients.
Over the past 10 years, scientists have found that removing serine and glycine from animal diets may slow the growth of certain tumors, but most researchers have focused on how these diets affect the apparent genetics, DNA metabolism, and antioxidant activity of DNA.
researcher Professor Christian Metallo said the study highlighted the complexity of metabolism and the importance of understanding physiological characteristics across many different bio-chemical pathlines when considering the use of metabolic therapies.
: Scientists have revealed the structure and distribution of the new coronavirus pyrethroid protein on complete virus particles doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2665-2 The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus beta coronavirus and is a clerical virus that contains a large amount of just RNA wrapped in nuclear cleroprotein (N).
three transfilm proteins are rounded into viral lipid envelopes: prickly protein (S) and two smaller proteins, membrane protein (M) and envelope protein (E).
When imaged with cryo-EM, the beta coronavirus is approximately spherical particles, floating up and down at 100 nanometers in diameter, containing a dense viral mass (viropsm), surrounded by a double layer of synth lipids, and the S protein tripolymer (here called S tripolymer) protrudes from the lipid double layer.
the S trimer of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the subject ACE2 on the surface of the target cell and mediates subsequent viral ingestion and fusion.
in doing so, the S protein underwent a significant structural rearracing, switching from pre-fusion to fused composition.
structure before and after fusion of S proteins is very conservative in coronavirus.
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page"--during infection, coronavirus extensively reshapes the internal membrane structure of cells, producing virus replication cytosteers for viral replication.
S protein, along with proteins M and E, is inserted into the membrane of the endosinosome mesh (ER) and transported to the endosinos-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).
encapsulated genome germinates into ERGIC to form viral particles, which are then transported to the mass membrane and released.
S protein is done first at the S1/S2 bit and then at the S2' bit.