The Synthetic Routes of Apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate

Apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate is a pharmaceutical drug used to treat sexual dysfunction and sleep disorders.
It is a synthetic compound that has been synthesized through various chemical routes.
In this article, we will discuss the synthetic routes of apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate.

Step 1: Synthesis of morpholine
Morpholine is a crucial intermediate in the synthesis of apomorphine.
It can be synthesized through several methods, such as the reaction of acetaldehyde with ammonia, the reduction of nitrobenzene with hydrogen in the presence of a solvent like acetonitrile, or the hydrogenation of N-benzyl morpholine.

Step 2: Synthesis of N-benzyl morpholine
N-benzyl morpholine can be synthesized through the hydrogenation of morpholine in the presence of a suitable catalyst like palladium on barium sulfate.
This reaction results in the reduction of the nitrogen atom to an amine group.

Step 3: Synthesis of N-benzyl-N-methyl morpholine
N-benzyl-N-methyl morpholine is synthesized by the reaction of N-benzyl morpholine with methyl iodide in the presence of a solvent like acetonitrile.
This reaction results in the substitution of the hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom with a methyl group.

Step 4: Synthesis of N-benzyl-N-methyl-N-ethyl morpholine
N-benzyl-N-methyl-N-ethyl morpholine is synthesized by the reaction of N-benzyl-N-methyl morpholine with ethyl iodide in the presence of a solvent like acetonitrile.
This reaction results in the substitution of the hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom with an ethyl group.

Step 5: Synthesis of N-(4-bromphenyl) N-methyl morpholine
N-(4-bromphenyl) N-methyl morpholine is synthesized by the reaction of N-benzyl-N-methyl morpholine with 4-bromphenyl iodide in the presence of a solvent like acetonitrile.
This reaction results in the substitution of the hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom with a bromine atom, which is later replaced with a chlorine atom.

Step 6: Synthesis of N-(4-chlorphenyl) N-methyl morpholine
N-(4-chlorphenyl) N-methyl morpholine is synthesized by the reaction of N-(4-bromophenyl) N-methyl morpholine with chlorine gas in the presence of a solvent like acetonitrile.
This reaction results in the substitution of the bromine atom with a chlorine atom.

Step 7: Synthesis of apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate
Apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate is synthesized by treating N-(4-chlorphenyl) N-methyl morpholine with hydrochloric acid in the presence of a solvent like ethanol.
This reaction results in the formation of apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate, which is then purified and dried.

In conclusion, apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate can be synthesized through various chemical routes.
The synthetic route described above is one of the most common methods used to synthesize this pharmaceutical drug.
The synthesis of apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate requires several intermediate compounds, which can be synthesized through different chemical reactions.
The final product is then purified and dried to obtain a pure sample of the drug.