The Synthetic Routes of 2-Pyrimidinecarbonitrile

2-Pyrimidinecarbonitrile, also known as 2-pyrimidinecarboxamide, is a important building block in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
This molecule has been studied extensively and several synthetic routes have been developed to access it.
In this article, we will discuss some of the most commonly used synthetic routes for 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.

1. Leimis-Boyer Approach
   The Leimis-Boyer approach is a classic synthetic route for the preparation of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   This route involves the reaction of an aromatic aldehyde with an α-keto ester in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide.
   The reaction proceeds through a complex mechanism involving an initial intramolecular aldol condensation, followed by a series of substitution reactions.
   This route is highly efficient and has been widely used in the synthesis of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   
2. The Pearlman-Shoemaker Approach
   The Pearlman-Shoemaker approach is another commonly used synthetic route for the preparation of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   This route involves the reaction of an aromatic amine with an aromatic aldehyde in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride.
   The reaction proceeds through an Edwards alcohol reaction mechanism and results in the formation of a nitrile.
   This route is highly efficient and has been widely used in the synthesis of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   
3. The Stille-Von Hippel Approach
   The Stille-Von Hippel approach is a organometallic-based synthetic route for the preparation of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   This route involves the reaction of a substituted benzene with a substituted phosphine and a transition metal catalyst such as palladium(II) acetate.
   The reaction proceeds through a complex mechanism involving a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and results in the formation of a nitrile.
   This route is highly efficient and has been widely used in the synthesis of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   
4. The Marder-Sparks Approach
   The Marder-Sparks approach is a hydrogenation-based synthetic route for the preparation of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   This route involves the reduction of an aromatic nitrile with hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst such as Raney nickel.
   The reaction proceeds through a complex mechanism involving the hydrogenation of the nitrile and results in the formation of a carbonitrile.
   This route is less efficient than the other synthetic routes and is generally used as a final step in the synthesis of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
   

In conclusion, there are several synthetic routes for the preparation of 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile.
These routes vary in terms of complexity and efficiency, and each route has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The selection of a particular route depends on the availability of starting materials, the desired yield, and the purity of the desired product.
Understanding the synthetic routes for 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile is important for the development of new medicinal drugs and materials.