The relationship between Chinese herbal medicine planting and fertilizer

(1) the nutrient elements needed for the growth and development of Chinese herbal medicine the mineral nutrients needed for the growth and development of Chinese herbal medicine plants are mainly obtained from the soil There are about 70 kinds of nutrients in plants Among them, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfur and other elements have a large content, which is called a large number of elements However, boron, platinum, zinc, copper, manganese and other elements are very small, which are called trace elements Although the contents of these elements vary in plants, they are indispensable and irreplaceable for the growth and development of plants In a large number of elements, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen can be obtained from air and water, which can generally meet the needs Plants need a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are called the three elements of fertilizer, often need to be supplemented by fertilization Because the plant needs little microelements, the general soil can meet the needs, only a few soil needs to be supplemented The functions of several main nutrients are summarized as follows: 1 Nitrogen and nitrogen are the main components of protein, and protein is an important component of cell protoplasm, and also an indispensable component of enzymes, vitamins, chlorophyll and nucleic acids related to plant metabolism Nitrogen plays an important role in the formation and accumulation of alkaloids, glycosides and vitamins, especially alkaloids in plants Nitrogen deficiency will affect the quality of medicinal materials However, when the content of protein increases, the content of carbohydrate decreases, and the imbalance of the ratio of carbon and nitrogen is easy to cause excessive length of stem and leaf, lodging, and reduce the ability of disease and insect resistance The yield and quality of whole grass and leaf Chinese herbal medicine, especially alkaloid Chinese herbal medicine, such as belladonna, agastache and so on, can be improved by adding nitrogen fertilizer properly 2 Phosphorus is the main component of nucleic acid, hormone and phospholipid Phosphorus can promote the growth and development of plants, shorten the growth period, blossom and bear fruit early, improve the yield and quality of fruits and seeds, and enhance the cold resistance, drought resistance, disease and insect resistance of plants When the plant is lack of phosphorus, the metabolism is inhibited, the leaves are thin, dark green and lack of luster; when the leaves are serious, the edges are red purple or copper blue spots, the growth and development of the plant is slow, the yield is low, and the quality is poor For Schisandra chinensis, shayuanzi, cassia and other fruit and seed medicinal plants, increasing the application of phosphorus fertilizer can improve the yield and quality of seeds, especially in the seed field, which can make the seeds accumulate a lot of hormones and benefit the growth of seedlings 3 Potassium and potassium are directly involved in plant metabolism, most of them exist in plant cell fluid, a small amount of them are adsorbed on the surface of protoplasm, and a small amount of them are in the mitochondria of protoplasm Potassium can improve the intensity of photosynthesis, the synthesis, transportation and storage of carbohydrates; potassium can also enhance the normal physiological function of stomata, promote the absorption of nitrogen, strengthen the activity of protease, and accelerate the synthesis of protein; for Chinese herbal medicines with more starch, sugar and protein, increasing potassium fertilizer can improve the yield and quality; potassium can also promote the development of vascular bundles, making them thick The angle tissue thickens, and the phloem bundle thickens, making the stem tough, lodging resistant and insect resistant In addition, potassium can improve the plant's resistance to adversity, cold and drought The application of potassium fertilizer to ginseng, dangshen, Coptis, American ginseng and other root medicinal plants can improve the yield and quality of medicinal materials 4 Boron and boron can promote carbohydrate movement, improve carbohydrate metabolism and promote organic matter accumulation in plants At the same time, boron can enhance the ability of nitrogen fixation of rhizobia and promote the development of root system In the absence of boron, the root development was poor, the nitrogen fixation ability of rhizobia decreased, and the fertilization rate of flowers decreased 5 Mo and Mo are closely related to biological nitrogen fixation Both rhizobia and autotrophic nitrogen fixation need trace mo Molybdenum is a component of nitrate reductase, which can promote the reduction of nitrate nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen in plants 6 Zinc and zinc can promote the redox process, respiration and auxin formation in plants In zinc deficiency, due to the inhibition of dehydrogenase activity, the composition of carbonic anhydrase and the formation of auxin are affected, the respiration is weakened and the growth is inhibited 7 Copper and copper are the components of oxidase in plants, which can improve the respiratory intensity, facilitate photosynthesis, and enhance the ability of disease resistance Chlorophyll decreased and chlorosis occurred when copper was deficient 8 Manganese and manganese are also the components of many oxidases in plants, which play an important role in the oxidation-reduction process, and can promote seed germination, seedling growth and reproductive organ development, and promote the formation of chlorophyll to facilitate photosynthesis At the same time, manganese can also improve the overwintering and lodging resistance of plants When manganese deficiency occurred, the veins were chlorotic and spotted 9 Iron and iron are the essential elements for chlorophyll formation, and the surface of tender leaves shows chlorosis when iron deficiency occurs (2) the types, properties and application methods of fertilizers are generally divided into two categories: one is farmyard fertilizer, the other is chemical fertilizer (inorganic fertilizer) Agricultural fertilizer generally contains three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as other elements and various trace elements, so it is called complete fertilizer It is rich in organic matter, which needs to be slowly decomposed by soil microorganisms before it can be used by plants, so it is also called delayed effect fertilizer After chemical fertilizer is applied, it can be quickly absorbed by plants, so it is also called quick acting fertilizer 1 Organic fertilizer includes human manure, manure, compost, cake fertilizer, green manure and various soil and miscellaneous fertilizers These fertilizers are rich in resources and are the main sources of fertilizer for agricultural production in China See table 2-1 for the types, components, properties and application points of common organic fertilizers 2 Inorganic fertilizer is characterized by no organic matter and thick fertilizer composition, most of which are industrial products The main ingredients can be dissolved in water or easily become the ingredients that can be absorbed by plants According to the main nutrients, it can be divided into nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc In order to improve the utilization rate of inorganic fertilizer, in recent years, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer are used to make granular fertilizer, which is called granular fertilizer 3 Microelement fertilizer microelement fertilizer mainly includes boron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, etc Although plants need little, they are indispensable The application of microelement fertilizer in some soil lacking microelements can increase production significantly This kind of fertilizer is mostly used as seed fertilizer and root top dressing Under the principle of not hindering the fertilizer effect and efficacy, it can be combined with pest control to spray fertilizer and pesticide Seed fertilizer is mostly used for seed soaking When using this kind of fertilizer, attention should be paid to the selection of appropriate concentration and dosage before it can work See table 2-3 for the nutrient content, properties and use methods of several microelement fertilizers 4 Humic acid fertilizer humic acid fertilizer is a newly developed fertilizer Humic acid is a kind of high molecular organic compound produced by the action of microorganisms from animal and plant residues, which widely exists in soil, peat and lignite The fertilizer, which is made of humic acid containing natural resources as the main raw materials and contains nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or some trace elements, is called humic acid fertilizer, which is called humic fertilizer for short It is a new type of fertilizer combining organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer This kind of fertilizer is rich in fertilizer source, easy to make, less investment, and has great effect, so it has a bright future At present, humic fertilizer mainly includes: ammonium humate, phosphorus humate, potassium humate, sodium humate, calcium humate, nitrogen and phosphorus humate, etc They have many functions of farmyard manure and some characteristics of chemical fertilizer 5 Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of fertilizer made of microorganisms that can improve the nutritional status of plants, which is called microbial fertilizer It is through the activities of microorganisms, the soil and air plants can not be directly used by the nutrient elements, into the plant can absorb nutrients This kind of fertilizer has the advantages of small dosage, low cost, no side effect and good effect (1) rhizobia the rhizobia is a biological preparation made of rhizobia After being applied into the soil, rhizobia can coexist with legumes and form root nodules at the roots, which can fix nitrogen in the atmosphere and nourish legumes Because of the different species of rhizobia, symbiosis with legumes is selective When using, it is necessary to select the rhizobia suitable for the legume Generally used as seed fertilizer, each kilogram of fungicide can mix 2.7 hectares of land-use seeds (2) Azotobacter Azotobacter is a kind of biological preparation for cultivating aerobic Azotobacter It can directly transform the free nitrogen in the atmosphere into the combined nitrogen for plant absorption and utilization The ability of Azotobacter to fix nitrogen in soil is often affected by soil moisture, pH and organic matter The results showed that Azotobacter could fully play the role of nitrogen fixation only under the conditions of rich organic matter, neutral acid-base reaction and suitable humidity Nitrogen fixing bacteria can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing and seed fertilizer Generally, 75 kg of base fertilizer is applied per hectare, 30 kg of top dressing per hectare and 15 kg of seed dressing per hectare (3) 5406 antibiotic fertilizer 5406 is made by mixing actinomycete flavum with compost Actinomycetes can transform the elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus that can not be absorbed by plants into nutrients that can be absorbed by plants At the same time, it can also secrete hormones and antibiotics, stimulate roots to develop, and inhibit the growth of pathogens It can be used as base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer, with an amount of 2250~3000 kg per hectare It can also be used for seed dressing, seed soaking and root soaking to prevent and control plant diseases, promote early growth and rapid development of plants, improve quality and yield However, it should not be mixed with other fungicides such as Bordeaux solution (4) Medina biological factor fertilizer is a series of biological fertilizers produced in the United States, including Medina soil activator, humic acid and plant nutrient solution, which are licensed by the Ministry of agriculture of the people's Republic of China, nongfeilinzi No 117, to be distributed in China It is a biological preparation composed of aerobic microorganisms, which can improve soil structure, loose and mature soil, improve water retention and storage capacity, accelerate the decomposition of plant residues, increase soil humus, and improve the effectiveness of nutrient elements in the soil In 1998, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dezhou saline alkali soil improvement test station used Medina activator and humic acid to mix and spray The results showed that the yield of seed cotton increased by 24.6% Soil activator: humic acid: nutrient solution = 1:3:1, the total dosage is 15kg / ha (3) rational fertilization can promote the growth and development of medicinal plants and improve the yield and quality of medicinal materials Improper fertilization will not only fail to achieve the expected purpose of fertilization, but also harm the normal growth and development of medicinal plants and even cause plant death Fertilization should be carried out according to the requirements of different development stages, types and quantities of fertilizer, the supply of nutrients in the soil and the nature of fertilizer At the same time, we should combine fertilization with soil improvement, and constantly improve soil fertility to create conditions for stable and high yield 1 The absorption of Chinese herbal medicine plants to fertilizer the roots of plants absorb fertilizer On the one hand, the fertilizer should be turned into inorganic salt and dissolved in water; on the other hand, the energy should be generated by the respiration of roots When the soil is dry, fertilization combined with irrigation and loosening makes the root respiration vigorous, which can enhance the absorption ability of the root system to the fertilizer Because of the difference of the absorption of anion and cation, the root can affect the pH of soil For example, after the application of ammonium sulfate, the plant absorbs more ammonium ions than sulfate ions The sulfate ions stay in the soil solution, increasing the acidity of the soil, so ammonium sulfate is called physiological acid fertilizer