The Production Process of 2-Chloronicotinamide

2-Chloronicotinamide is an important intermediate compound used in the production of various pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals.
The production process of 2-chloronicotinamide involves several steps, and it is essential to follow strict guidelines to ensure the safety of workers and the environment.
In this article, we will discuss the production process of 2-chloronicotinamide in detail.

Step 1: Raw Material Preparation

The production of 2-chloronicotinamide begins with the preparation of raw materials.
The main raw material required is nitrochlorobenzene, which is a toxic and hazardous substance.
To ensure the safety of workers and the environment, it is essential to follow proper safety measures while handling and storing the raw material.

Step 2: Nitration of Benzene

The next step in the production of 2-chloronicotinamide is the nitration of benzene.
In this process, nitrochlorobenzene is produced by nitrating benzene with nitric acid.
The reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent, such as water or acetic acid, to facilitate the reaction.
The mixture is then heated to a temperature of around 70-80 degrees Celsius for several hours to complete the reaction.

Step 3: Chlorination of Nitrochlorobenzene

The next step in the production of 2-chloronicotinamide is the chlorination of nitrochlorobenzene.
In this process, the nitro group of nitrochlorobenzene is replaced with a chlorine atom.
The reaction is carried out using chlorine gas and a solvent, such as carbon tetrachloride or 1,2-dichloroethane.
The mixture is then heated to a temperature of around 60-70 degrees Celsius for several hours to complete the reaction.

Step 4: Hydrolysis

After the chlorination reaction, the product is further purified by hydrolysis.
In this process, the chlorine atom is replaced with a water molecule to produce 2-chloronicotinic acid.
The hydrolysis reaction is carried out using water and a solvent, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
The mixture is then heated to a temperature of around 80-90 degrees Celsius for several hours to complete the reaction.

Step 5: Dehydration

The final step in the production of 2-chloronicotinamide is the dehydration of 2-chloronicotinic acid.
In this process, the water molecule is removed from 2-chloronicotinic acid to produce 2-chloronicotinamide.
The dehydration reaction is carried out using a dehydrating agent, such as sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.
The mixture is then heated to a temperature of around 120-130 degrees Celsius for several hours to complete the reaction.

Quality Control

After the production process is complete, the product is subjected to quality control tests to ensure that it meets the required specifications.
The tests may include physical and chemical tests, such as melting point, boiling point, density, and solubility.

Health and Safety Measures

The production of 2-chloronicotinamide involves the use of hazardous chemicals, and it is essential to follow strict health and safety measures to ensure the safety of workers and the environment.
The workers involved in the production process must wear appropriate protective gear, such as gloves, safety glasses, and respirators, to prevent exposure to hazardous chemicals.
The production plant must also have proper ventilation systems and emergency response plans in case of accidents.

Environment