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Frequent outbreaks of various bacterial diseases have long been recognized as one of the main constraints and ongoing challenges for the development of
aquaculture.
As an effective way to prevent various bacterial diseases, vaccines have played a key role in aquaculture disease control for decades, contributing to the sustainable development
of the aquaculture industry.
In addition, after millions of years of co-evolution, commensal flora has become an essential component of fish, playing a vital role
in fish health and disease.
Among them, the intestinal flora is involved in many important physiological processes of the fish body, such as promoting digestion and metabolism, stimulating the development of the immune system, and preventing the attachment and proliferation of conditional pathogenic bacteria
.
Given the vaccine's ability to induce systemic immunity and mucosal immunity, fish gut microbiome may be an important and underestimated factor
in vaccine development.
It has been noted medically that the composition of the intestinal flora affects the efficiency of the vaccine, but the effect of vaccination on the intestinal flora, especially the mucosal flora, is poorly
understood.
For example, does bacterial vaccination have a stabilizing effect on the intestinal flora? Does vaccination have an inhibitory effect on colonization and reproduction of specific pathogens in the intestines? And do changes in the gut microbiota from vaccination affect intestinal metabolism?
The team of researcher Li Aihua of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has long been engaged in the research of fish pathogenic microbiology, and has carried out a lot of research work in the field of aquatic animal symbiotic microorganisms in recent years, and has conducted in-depth research on the structure, composition and functional characteristics of aquatic economic animal symbiotic microorganisms such as fish, shrimp and crab Li et al.
2015; Li et al.
2017; Wu et al.
2019; Wu et al.
2020; Wu et al.
2021b; Zhang et al.
2021), and revealed that the digestive system (gut, hepatopancreas, etc.
) symbiotic microorganisms and host immunity (Wu et al.
2018; Hao et al.
2022), metabolism (Li et al.
2017; Wu et al.
2018; Wu et al.
2021a) and disease (Li et al.
2016; Wu et al.
2021b; Zhang et al.
2021) expands the profound understanding of the assembly law of aquatic animal symbiotic microbial communities and their interaction with the host, and provides new ideas and important clues
for the healthy breeding of aquatic animals and disease prevention and control.
Recently, Li Aihua's research team took tilapia as the research object and adopted a multi-omics method to reveal the influence of vaccination on tilapia symbiotic flora, and found that changes in intestinal commensal flora induced by vaccination mediate changes in intestinal metabolism
.
This study sheds light on tilapia's microbial and metabolic responses to vaccination, providing new insights
into the protective mechanisms of vaccines.
The researchers evaluated changes in tilapia immune function, commensal microorganisms (gills, gastrointestinal mucosa and contents), and intestinal metabolites after intraperitoneal injection of a double inactivated vaccine (Aeromonas hydrophila-Aeromonas vitschii) and a 45-day culture experiment
。 The study found that inactivated vaccines had a significant effect on the structure and composition of intestinal mucosal flora, but not on other commensal site flora, indicating that the effect of vaccination on fish commensal flora was regionally specific (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Results of the effect of vaccination on the structure of the commensal microbial community of tilapia
In addition, tilapia serum globulin, leukoglobulin ratio, lysozyme content, and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly increased in the immune group, and antibody titers
were all detected.
Compared with the control group, Escherichia-Shigella, Acinetobacter in the mucosa of the intestinal mucosa of tilapia in the immune group The relative abundance of potentially opportunistic pathogens such as Aeromonas has been significantly reduced, and this protective mechanism of vaccines may be important given that the gut is the main conduit for most pathogens to infect fish
.
Analysis of intestinal metabolites found that the concentrations of carbohydrate-related metabolites such as lactic acid, succinic acid and gluconic acid were significantly increased in the gut of tilapia in the immune group, while the concentrations of various lipid-related metabolites were significantly reduced in the gut of tilapia in the immune group (Figure 2), indicating that vaccination affected the metabolic function
of tilapia intestine.
Figure 2 Results of the effect of vaccination on intestinal metabolites of tilapia
Further analysis revealed that Enterovibrio, Macellibacteroides, and Ralstonia ), Desulfomonile, Enhydrobacter, Crenothrix and Bosea differential microorganisms were significantly correlated with gut differential metabolites (Figure 3), suggesting that the effect of vaccination on tilapia gut metabolism is closely
related to changes in gut microbes.
Figure 3 Results of correlation between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites in tilapia gut
This study reveals the response of fish commensal flora to vaccination and its correlation with host immunity and metabolism, providing new insights
for further study of the role of fish commensal flora in vaccine protection mechanism.
In addition, gut microbes and metabolites that are significantly altered after vaccination can serve as potential indicators of probiotic (or prebiotic) development to enhance vaccine efficacy
.
The study was recently titled "Significant alterations of intestinal symbiotic microbiota induced by intraperitoneal vaccination mediate changes in intestinal metabolism of NEW Genetically.
" Improved Farmed Tilapia (NEW GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus)" was published in the internationally renowned academic journal Microbiome
。 Professor Li Aihua of the Institute of Aquatic Sciences is the corresponding author of the paper, Wu Zhenbing, a doctoral graduate of the Institute of Aquatic Sciences, is the first author of the paper, Zhang Qianqian experimentalist and master student Yang Jicheng of the Institute of Aquatic Sciences and Professor Zhang Jinyong of Qingdao Agricultural University participated in the work
.
The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
32073023), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.
2020YFD0900300), and the Wuhan Science and Technology Special Project (No.
2019020701011480
。
Link to paper: https://microbiomejournal.
biomedcentral.
com/articles/10.
1186/s40168-022-01409-6
Related progress literature:
Li T, Long M, Li A* et al.
Comparative analysis of the intestinal bacterial communities in different species of carp by pyrosequencing.
Microb Ecol.
2015; 69(1):25-36.
Li T, Long M, Li A* et al.
Alterations of the gut microbiome of largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti) suffering from furunculosis.
Sci Rep.
2016; 6:30606.
Li T, Long M, Li A* et al.
Multi-omics analysis reveals a correlation between the host phylogeny, gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in cyprinid fishes.
Front Microbiol.
2017; 8:454.
Wu Z, Li T, Li A* et al.
Significant improvement of intestinal microbiota of gibel carp (Carassiusauratusgibelio ) after traditional Chinese medicine feeding.
J Appl Microbiol.
2018; 124(3):829-841.
Wu Z, Zhang Q, Li A* et al.
High-throughput sequencing reveals the gut and lung prokaryotic community profiles of the Chinese giant salamander (Andriasdavidianus ).
Mol Biol Rep.
2019; 46(5):5143-5154.
Wu Z, Wang S, Li A* et al.
Assessing the intestinal bacterial community of farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus ) by high-throughput absolute abundance quantification.
Aquaculture.
2020; 529:735688.
Wu Z, Zhang Q, Li A* et al.
Taxonomic and functional characteristics of the gill and gastrointestinal microbiota and its correlation with intestinal metabolites in NEW GIFT strain of farmed adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Microorganisms.
2021a; 9(3):617.
Wu Z, Zhang Q, Li A* et al.
Association of the microbiota dysbiosis in the hepatopancreas of farmed crayfish (Procambarusclarkii ) with disease outbreaks.
Aquaculture.
2021b; 536:736492.
Zhang Q, Lin Y, Li A* et al.
Etiological characteristics of "tail blister disease" of Australian redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus).
J Invertebr Pathol.
2021; 184:107643.
Hao J, Wang S, Li A* et al.
Attenuated Streptococcus agalactiae WC1535 ？ Sia perturbs the gut microbiota ofOreochromisniloticus , massively colonizes the intestine, and induces intestinal mucosal immunity after intraperitoneal inoculation.
Front Microbiol.
2022; 1036432.
