The FASEB J: Scientists discover a new mechanism that induces cellular immune response

, June 16, 2020 /
BiovalleyBIOON/ -- Viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms affect the type of immune response produced by the host body, in some cases, the main responses include antibody responses, i.eproteins produced by the immune system specifically identify invading microorganisms and mediate their destruction, while in other cases, immune cells are trained to identify and destroy pathogensNow scientists have begun to study extensively the mechanisms that induce antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses, and about a decade ago, researchers found that a new type of signal is thought to be the induction of a cell-mediated immune response, and in a recent study published in the international journaltheof the FASEB Journal, scientists from the Baylor School of Medicine and others presented comprehensive evidence to support the phenomenon and propose the molecular mechanisms of its actionPhoto Source: National Cancer Institute
The researchers found that two microbial-related factors significantly affect the type of immune response that will prevail in the future, one of which is the components of the microbiome, such as some proteins andgeneticsubstances, which are called pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs), while the second is the position of the microorganism, i.eit is located inside or outside the cell, the cell can identify Ps Ps, some cell proteins will recognize the cells PAM PS, other cells can detect the external PSby studying the virus, the researchers found that when the virus'sgeneticsubstance is detected in the cell, it produces a cell-mediated immune response, and if a viral protein is detected outside the cell, it induces an antibody-mediated immune responseThe implementation of these immune responses involves a cell protein called a pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), where antigen-presentcells such as dendritic cells are involved in the first step in forming a special immune response, in which antigen-present cells sample the inner and outer cellular environment by binding PAMPS to PRRs, while the identification of PAMPs through PRR initiates a dangerous alarm and alerts the rest of the immune system to the invasion of foreign microorganismsin addition to these signals that have been fully studied for mediatuating classical immune responses, the researchers have proposed a new mechanism that directs the immune response directly to cell types, which involves monitoring intracellular and extracellular signals, but this is achieved through a different type of protein called the main tissue-compatible complex (MHC), 1 MHC can bind to protein fragments within the cell, while 2 MHC can bind to protein fragments that exist outside the cellThe researcher, Decker, said the mechanism appears to occur primarily in the event of an outbreak of viral infections, when the virus reproduces, and a large number of viral proteins are found inside and outside the cell, a possibility of the same protein fragments being combined with the antigen-delivering cells of class 1 and Class 2 MHC complexes; In this case, the immune response may not depend on any particular PAMP structure, but rather it depends on the same amino acid sequence of class 1 and Class 2 MHC-bound viral fragmentsthe study, where researchers defined an experimental model system that would help researchers study this particular mechanism without being disturbed by classical mechanisms, now have ample evidence to support the new mechanism found and describe a large molecular sensor complex that plays a key role in comparing amino acid sequences of intracellular and extracellular protein fragments, although further studies are needed, but the researchers speculate that the new mechanism may have potentially important clinical applicationsstudies have shown that cell immune responses to viral infections tend to provide more durable protection than antibody-mediated immune responses, which are caused by vaccination, and researchers believe that a new mechanism that guides the immune system's response to different cell types may provide new opportunities for scientists to design new vaccines later in life that will induce the body to produce more effective and lasting cellular immunity against current and future viral diseases and help fight cancer(BioValleyBioon.com)original origins:Matthew MHalpert, Vanaja Konduri, Dan Liang, et al.
MHC class i and II peptide shomology regulates the cellular immune response,the FASEB Journal(2020)DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903002R