The essence of the October 9, 2020 issue of Science

October 20, 2020 // --- This week, a new issue of Science (October 9, 2020) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.ScienceDaily: Great progress! In a new study, researchers from the University of Utah School of Medicine and the University of Virginia recreated the first steps of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, commonly known as AIDS, in a new study that provided the basis for the development of HIV-targeted drugs.
this allows people to get a closer look at HIV and determine the basic ingredients needed for the virus to replicate within the human host body.
study was published in the October 9, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "Reconstitution and visualization of HIV-1 capsid-dependent replication and integration in vitro."
the virus's appearance is simple in terms of all the risks of HIV.
HIV is similar to a round ice cream cone whose shell encapsulates its genetic material.
, it had been thought that the main purpose of the shell, called capsid, was to protect its precious cargo, the genetic material mentioned earlier.
, the new study shows that HIV can also play an active role in infection.
the initial steps of infection in a test tube, allowing the researchers to manipulate HIV precisely in ways previously impossible.
found that when they used genetic and bio-chemical methods to destabilize HIV shells, the virus could not effectively replicate its genetic material.
is the first direct proof that HIV shells not only act as packaging, but are also an important part of the HIV infection process itself.
2.Science: Revealing dynamic configuration changes in ABL kinases, laying the groundwork for the development of a new generation of cancer-targeted drugs Doi:10.1126/science.abc2754 In a new study, researchers at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in the United States visualized the structure of previously unknown ABL kinases to provide new insights into the design of targeted therapies for adult and child cancer patients.
study will advance understanding of drug resistance to cancer-targeted drugs.
results were published online October 1, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Conformational States dynamically populated by a kinase sure its function."
of this achievement is the most powerful magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer in the United States, which will be installed at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in 2019.
Just as microscopes allow scientists to peer inside cells, NMR spectrometers allow people to visually observe previously invisible or erratic molecular structures that cannot be observed by other techniques. "This is the first time that protein kinases have been captured in such a short-lived form, and given that there are more than 500 kinases in humans, this really shows that there are many uncharted areas to explore," said Dr. Chaalampos Babis Kalodimos, co-author of the
paper and head of the Department of Structural Biology at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.
have been studying ABL kinases and their drug resistance mechanisms for 20 years, but with this technology, we are now at a new starting point for improving targeted therapy.
"3.Science: A Big Break! A new class of inhibitors can effectively prevent neurodegeneration and is expected to treat a range of neurodegenerative diseases doi:10.1126/science.aay3302; In a new study, researchers from the University of Heidelberg in Germany have discovered how a special subject located at a neural connection, or synapse, usually activates a protective genetic procedure, causes nerve cell death when located outside the synapse.
important findings in neurodegenerative processes have led to a new understanding of therapeutic drugs.
experiments with mouse models, they found a new class of highly effective inhibitors that protect nerve cells.
as Professor Hilmar Bading points out, these new drugs open up prospects for the first time in the fight against neurological diseases that are currently untreated.
the results of the study, published in the October 9, 2020 issue of the journal Science, are titled "Coupling of NMDA Receptors and TRPM4 Guides discovery of unconventional neuroprotectants."
Bading and his team focused on the receptor, known as N-methyl-D-tianmen dongine (NMDA).
the subject is an ion channel protein that can be activated by --- biotransmitter molecule glutamate--- neurotransmitter Glutamate.
allows calcium to flow into cells.
signals initiate a plasticity process in synapses, but are also transmitted to the nucleation of the cell, where a protective genetic procedure is activated.
NMDA subjects located at nerve cell connections that can be activated by glutamate have key functions in the brain that help with learning and memory processes as well as nerve protection.
, however, the subject is also present outside the synapse.
these NMDA subjects located outside the synapses pose a threat because their activation causes cell death.
, however, under normal circumstances, an efficient cell glutamate ingestion system ensures that the subject is not activated, thus ensuring that nerve cells are not damaged.
this situation can change dramatically in the presence of disease.
, for example, if parts of the brain are not supplied with enough oxygen after a stroke, a cycle interruption can invalidate the glutamate ingestion system.
levels of glutamate outside the synapse increase, activating the NMDA subject outside the synapse.
result is nerve cell damage and death, accompanied by limited brain function.
levels of glutamate outside the synapse occur not only during brain circulation disorders.
Bading explained, "There is evidence that the toxic properties of the NMDA receptor outside synapses play a central role in some neurodegenerative diseases.
according to the scientist, this is particularly true for Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which results in muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, and retinal degeneration, and possibly even brain damage after a viral or parasitic infection.
4.Science: Repeated and inverted DNA fragments cause female moles to produce both functional ovaries and testicular tissue doi:10.1126/science.aaz2582 Moles in extremely harsh living conditions.
as deep-hole mammals, their front paws have one more finger and their muscles are particularly strong.
, the female mole retains fertility while also having a bisexual esocea.
characteristic of mammals, female moles have two X chromosomes, but at the same time develop functional ovaries and testicular tissue.
in female moles, the two tissue types are combined in an organ called ovotestis, a unique feature of the mammal.
testicular tissue in female moles does not produce sperm, but produces a large amount of the sex hormone testosterone, which means that female moles have similar testosterone levels to male moles.
it is speculated that this natural "stimulant" makes female moles aggressive and developed muscles, which is an advantage for them in the underground life where they have to dig holes and compete for resources.
, in a new study, researchers from several German research institutions reported the genetic traits that lead to the characteristic development of moles.
the study, changes in genomic structure led to changes in the control of gene activity.
addition to the genetic procedures that cause testicular development, this change activates enzymes that cause male hormone secretion in female mole mice.
the results of the study, published in the October 9, 2020 issue of the journal Science, were titled "The Mole genomes revealy rearrangements associated with adaptive intersexuality."
of the paper are Professor Stefan Mundlos of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics and Dr. Darío G. Lupiáez.
first author of this paper is Francesca M. Real of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics.
5.Science: Scientists in China have revealed the mechanism by which plant stem cells are protected from various viral infections: 10.1126/science.abb7360 Since the 1950s, it has been known that the living tissue at the top of the plant, the shoot apical meristem, SAM, has an extraordinary ability to remain virus-free even when the rest of the plant is completely infected with the virus.
this is not just for one or even several viruses, but for all kinds of viruses.
a new study, researchers from china University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University, Sichuan University and heidelberg University in Germany offer new insights into this incredible ability.
study was published in the October 9, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "WUSCHEL Triggers innate antiviral immunity in plant stem cells."
by Zhaoxia Tian and Zhong Zhao of china University of Science and Technology.
the researchers inoculated cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on the thale cress plant and observed what happened.
when the cucumber leaf virus spread to SAM, they noticed that the virus stopped before it reached an area that expressed WUSCHEL.
looked closely at the distribution of the regulated protein WUSCHEL in this region, they found that more WUSCHEL appeared where the virus was trying to gain a foothold after vaccination.
As an extremely important protein, WUSCHEL plays a key regulatory role in determining the fate of stem cells in the early stages of plant embryo development, while also overseeing SAM, keeping them undifferentiated and determining what kind of daughter cells they produce.
then inoculated the cucumber leaf virus directly into the stem cells of Arabic mustard and directly below it, and found that the virus spread only in the last region.
a chemical called dexamethasone induces the plants we tested to produce WUSCHEL proteins, " says Zhao.
so, next, we inoculated Arab mustard with more cucumber leaf virus, and then treated some of the plants with dexamisong, and some of the plants did not receive this treatment.
" About 89 per cent of the Arab mustard plants treated with the uncensioned symeth are infected with the virus, but 90 per cent of the Arab mustard plants treated with the dexamisong have not been invaded by the virus.
6.Science: Revealing why seasonal flu vaccinations can only remain effective for a year Doi:10.1126/science.aaz8432 In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as Emory University in the United States offer new insights into why the increase in immunity after seasonal flu vaccination lasts only a few months, not years.
results were published online August 13, 2020 in the journal Science, under the title "Influenza vaccine-induced human bone marrow plasma cells decline within a year after the prison."
author of the paper is Dr. Rafai Ahmed, Director of the Emory Vaccine Center at Emory University.
the home of antibody-producing cells, also known as antibody secretion cells, or plasma cells later in life, is the bone marrow.
the seasonal flu vaccine does increase the number of influenza-specific antibodies producing cells in the bone marrow.
, however, the authors found that most of the newly produced cells would disappear within a year.
the study, 53 health volunteers