The Best of Science, June 12, 2020.

, June 21, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --
Biovalley
BIOON/--- has another new journal of science published this week (June 12, 2020) and what are the highlights of its research? Let the little ones come together.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.
. Science: The genetic mechanism that reveals the gender sex of canary feathers
doi: 10.1126/science.aba0803; doi: 10.1126/science.abc2242
in a new study, researchers from the University of Porto, Coimbra, university of Washington, University of California, University of Tarsa and Auburn found a enzyme that causes gender differences in mosaic canaries. The findings were published in the June 12, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science under the title "A genetic mechanism for sexual dichromatism in birds". In the paper, they describe how they narrowed the search for factors that affect the gender differences in canary color, as well as the findings they made. In a review of the study, Nancy Chen of the University of Rochester, USA, published a Perspective article detailing the history of the study on gender differences in color in birds and outlining the results of the new study.
the researchers studied redcanaries and common canaries. Redcanary has gender dichromatism, while male and female normal canary have the same color. Their offspring after hybridization are called mosaic canary. The two birds interbred to help the researchers identify the genes that produce gender-specific feather color differences--- mosaic canary is gender-specific. They then repeatedly interbred the mosaic canary with the common canary to narrow the potential genetic range.
the researchers further narrowed the list of potential genes by studying gene expression patterns in future generations. This method allows them to narrow the list of potential genes until only one gene remains: BCO2, which encodes an enzyme called beta-carotene oxygenase 2 (beta-carotene oxygenase 2, BCO2). The study found that it played a role in breaking down bird feathers to produce the red-orange pigment beta-carotene. They found that the difference between male and female mosaic canary is the amount of BCO2 enzyme produced. As a result, female sinnuse mosaiccants have fewer colors because they are more red-orange pigment beta-carotene is broken down, leaving fewer beta-carotene for feather coloring. They speculated that estrogen may play a role in the expression of the BCO2 gene, which helps explain the gender differences in feather coloring.
2.
. Compile in full! In a science paper published by Chinese scientists, two non-competitive human neutralized antibodies can block THE SARS-CoV-2 virus binding human ACE2 receptor
doi: 10.1126/science.abc2241
SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the genus beta-CoV-2, which includes five pathogens capable of infecting humans. Of these five pathogens, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are two highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Like other coronaviruses, the pneumocoprotein (S protein) homologous, located on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, plays a vital role in receptor binding and viral entry. S protein is a class I fusion protein--- each S protein progenitor consists of S1 and S2 domain, receptor binding domain (RBD) is located on the S1 domain. Previous studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2, similar to SARS-CoV, uses human ACE2 (hACE2) receptors to enter cells. Scientists have found many neutralizing antibodies that target SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV RBD. Therefore, screening neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 RBD is a top priority. in a new study
, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Capital Medical University, the University of Science and Technology of China, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, the China Agricultural University, the Shanxi Institute of Advanced Innovation, the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the China Food and Drug Inspection Research Institute expressed the SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein as bait to isolate specific memory B cells from peripheral blood mononucleocells (PBMC) in PATIENTs with COVID-19. The variable regions of the coded anti-weight chain and the light chain are amplified from different B cells, and then cloned with the constant region of the antibody into the pCAGGS plasmid
vector
to produce IgG1 antibodies. The findings were published online May 13, 2020 in the journal Science, with the headline "A noncompeting pair of human neutrals antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its s
3.
. Science: A major breakthrough! In a new study

researchers from Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Nankai University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of Birmingham, the University of Birmingham and the University of Queensland in Australia provide new insights into how a key first-line drug kills TB bacteria, in a new study
led by scientists from China to reveal the mechanism of the anti-tb drug ethylamine butanol. This paves the way for the development of new
antibiotic
drugs for emerging strains of Bacillus tuberculosis. The findings were published online April 23, 2020 in the journal Science, with the title "Structures of the cell cell arabinosyltransferases with anti-tuberculosis ethambutol".
the drug the researchers are working on is called ethambutol. The drug has been a major force in the fight against tuberculosis since its discovery in 1961. Still, the drug's "pattern of action" --- the way it kills the
bacteria
--- has not been fully confirmed by scientists.
in the new study, the researchers succeeded in confirming that a specific group of proteins in bacillus, called Emb, are targeted by ethylamine. Although the importance of these proteins has been recognized before, the lack of structural and biochemical data has made it impossible for scientists to accurately determine how the drug is targeted. They succeeded in overcoming this obstacle.
the researchers used cryogenic electroscopy and X-ray imaging to study the structure of a range of Emb proteins for the first time. They were able to show how different Emb proteins are responsible for specific physiological functions to produce the key components of the cell wall of TB cell walls. They were also able to show how ethylamine-based alcohol binds to these Emb proteins and inactivates them.
4.
. Science: The new study overturns the cell cycle "snapshot" model used since 1974
doi: 10.1126/science.aay8241
cells make a big decision: Should they replicate or are they stationary? Healthy cells can move forward in either way. The cell cell's replication switch stays in the "on" position. Now, in a new study, researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder have overturned the traditional idea of how replication switches work, a model that has been accepted since 1974 and incorporated into current textbooks. The findings were published online April 2, 2020 in the journal Science, with the title "Temporal integration of mitogen historyy in mother cells cells of cells of cells of cells." The paper's authors are Dr. Sabrina Spencer, an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The first author of the paper is Dr. Mingwei Min, a postdoctoral researcher at Spencer's Ph.D. Lab.
many biological systems have evolved ways to adapt their reproductive behavior to their surroundings. In the case of the wild crow (jackdaw), when the ecosystem has limited resources, the crow hatches fewer eggs. Of course, crows must perceive their ecosystems to make this adjustment. Cells do the same thing, and receptors on the cell's surface reach out to the ecosystem around the cell like tiny grippers to see what they can catch. When a special receptor/catcher grabs the growth factor molecule, it transmits this signal to the inside of the cell, telling the cell to start another cell replication cycle. When these growth factors are lacking, the cells enter a sleep-like state called a static one.
5.
. Science: A major breakthrough! Scientists have developed an ultra-fast CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology that enables precise gene editing in seconds!
doi: 10.1126/science.aay8204; doi:10.1126/science.abc3997
A recent study published in the international journal Science, scientists from Johns Hopkins University and others developed a new way to accelerate the process of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing using photosensitive nucleotides.
the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing process, the enzyme Cas9 can be used as a scissor to cut the DNA strand at a specific site of gene editing, while guiding RNA molecules helps Cas9 enzymes bind to the DNA site of the intended chain, a process that now takes several hours to complete, and in this study, researchers were able to shorten the process to a few seconds. in
article, the researchers alter the sequence of partially guided RNA by adding photosensitive nucleotide molecules, which block the guiding RNA from completing their work before light is introduced, and once the researchers introduce light, the binding process occurs within seconds, a method that the researchers call "caged
app
roach" because the RNA-directed RNA molecule is limited until it is instructed to complete its work, a method that the researchers call the ultra-fast CRISPR gene.
researchers point out that delaying the editing process and then quickly activating it may provide the possibility for a detailed study of the process, while improving the accuracy of gene editing and allowing single alleles to be edited at once, while also helping researchers develop hybrid mutations and new ways to study complex traits. In the final article, we describe how to transform the CRISPR-Cas9 tool from a passivation tool into an exact one, and vfCRISPR seems to be a transformative scientific advance because it helps researchers better understand the dynamics of cell responses involved in double-chain fractures during gene editing, said Medhi, the final researcher.
6.Science: Myoglobin cortical control cell migration
doi: 10.1126/science.aay7794
cell migration is mainly controlled by membrane protrusions driven by local myoprotein polymerization. However, the second structural mechanism may also regulate membrane protrusions and directional migration: changes in the attachment density between the mass membrane and the F-myokinic cortical cortex located below, which is a parameter associated with membrane tension. Many types of attachment and signaling mechanisms are known to alter the density of the membrane near endothelial myoglobin. Bisaria et al. designed a membrane near end F-actin (MPA) reporter that can directly measure local changes in MPA density in living cells. Surprisingly, the level of MPA was very low at the front of the migrated cells, although the overall concentration of F-actin was very high in the same front region. The researchers suggest that MPA density can integrate different signal transduction processes, guide local membrane protrusions during cell migration, and stabilize cell polarity.
7.Science: Explore the benefits of ecosystem restoration
doi: 10.1126/science.aay5342; doi: 10.1126/science.abc7060
human activities have fundamentally changed many ecosystems. Recent successful recovery efforts have made ecosystems healthier, but this has also led to economic disruption that depends on the changing state of the system. One of the most famous nutritional cascades is the sea otter-kelp forest system, in which the restoration of the once extinct sea otter restores biodiversity and healthy kelp forests, but reduces the number of shellfish harvested. Greg r and others studied the costs and benefits of this shift and found that, in key trade-offs, the value of kelp-related characteristics such as tourism, finfish fisheries and carbon capture outweighed economic losses. Therefore, the restoration of ecosystems is beneficial to both ecosystems and economies.
8.Science: Disordered proteins follow different transition paths when folding and binding
doi: 10.1126/science.aba3854
disordered proteins in association with companion proteins.