Super resistant bacteria come one after another! How hard are scientists?

June 13, 2019 / BIOON / - with the continuous emergence of news about "super bacteria", people's worries and panic about drug-resistant bacteria and super bacteria are growing It is true that the emergence of drug-resistant genes has become the last straw to crush antibiotics, while the emergence of superbacteria has brought the threat of red fruit to human life and health So how can scientists use the latest knowledge and technology to create new technologies and methods against these bacteria in the face of these threats? This article reviews the latest research progress of resistance bacteria for you, and learn with you! 【1】 NEJM: researchers have found a new way to prevent drug resistance of anti TB drugs doi: 10.1056/nejmc1815121 in July last year, South Africa became the first country to launch new anti TB drugs in the national plan The new drug, bedaquiline, is the first new anti tuberculosis drug developed in 40 years It improves the survival of MDR-TB patients and may make the treatment time shorter and side effects smaller Photo source: scientists at http://cn.bing.com Stellenbosch University (Su), working with a multidisciplinary team of researchers and clinicians, are now trying to protect this life-saving treatment by studying how Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the drug that causes tuberculosis, is resistant to the drug Their findings will be used as a guide to TB treatment to ensure the correct combination of anti TB drugs and bedaquiline to optimize patient outcomes while minimizing the risk of drug resistance Su researchers used a combination of new techniques to study the development of bedaquiline resistance in a 65 year old patient from Cape Town These include (1) sequencing the entire genome of bacteria in samples collected by patients at different stages of the disease, (2) targeting in-depth sequencing of bacterial gene rv0678 related to bedaquiline resistance, and (3) culture-based drug sensitivity testing Research shows that although patients adhere to the standard treatment plan, there is still resistance to bedaquiline The standard treatment requires patients to take at least five antibiotic drugs that are not resistant to bacteria at the same time as bedaquiline 【2】 Fecal transplantation may be the best way to fight drug-resistant bacteria doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2019.054 according to an article in Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, for those who cannot benefit from the treatment of C diff targeted antibiotics, they will be infected with C Diff's patients with fecal microbes transplanted into their colon may be the best treatment Antibiotics are destructive Unlike antibiotics, fecal transplantation or microbial replacement therapy can refill the gut with a variety of microorganisms that may prevent C diff's spores from germinating and spreading disease through their toxins There are several delivery methods for transplantation, including enema, capsule and direct perfusion, to replace a variety of microorganisms that maintain health and improve metabolism C diff is common in the medical environment and public places, and rarely causes problems for intestinal microbiome and immune system health However, those who are already ill, taking antibiotics, chemotherapy or proton pump inhibitors - all of which have devastated the gut ecosystem - are at risk Elderly patients are particularly vulnerable Dr Orenstein expects the new treatment to improve results, but says doctors need to take greater responsibility for prevention 【3】 PNAs: a new method for the treatment of drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus doi: 10.1073/pnas.1818256116 according to a recent study published in PNAS, researchers have a deeper understanding of the biological mechanism of staphylococcus skin infection in mice and the resistance mechanism of the immune system in mice As we all know, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) usually causes skin infection, but also can spread throughout the body, causing invasive infection, such as septicemia, and even death Therefore, the author is trying to understand the specific details of the mouse immune system against MRSA infection, so as to develop methods to detect the human immune system, develop alternative immunotherapy that can be used with antibiotic treatment programs, or eliminate the need for antibiotic treatment programs In their previous studies, the authors found that a cytokine protein called IL-17 is essential to open the host against Staphylococcus infection, but it is still unclear which type of cell is the source of IL-17 production In addition, there are two types of IL-17, one is called IL-17A, and the other is called IL-17F The researchers don't know whether two kinds of host responses to CA-MRSA need to be initiated So, working with colleagues at NIH, they found that both types of IL-17 are involved in the immune response to bacteria The researchers then analyzed cells from the infected site and lymph nodes before and after MRSA infection in mice They color each cell according to the type of protein found on its surface In mice without MRSA, specific types of T cells, known as gamma / delta T cells, were significantly amplified after infection with MRSA "We believe that this single γ / δ T cell clone is mediating the protective effect of IL-17 in mice What's more, these results really depend on the latest technology available to scientists today For example, 10 years ago we couldn't imagine that "The authors next plan to examine related T-cell responses in humans to determine whether similar mechanisms exist 【4】 Environ Sci & Technology: how does water disinfectant affect the drug-resistant gene doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04393 according to the data of the Centers for Disease Control of the United States, at least 2 million Americans are infected with bacteria that cannot be treated with antibiotics every year, and at least 23000 of them die These bacteria will eventually enter the daily water, and people often use disinfectants to disinfect the water However, so far, few researchers have studied the effect of water disinfectants on drug-resistant bacteria, especially drug-resistant genes Some researchers worry that even after disinfection, non resistant bacteria can become resistant by acquiring the complete genes left behind by the damaged antibiotic resistant bacteria Although it is not clear whether this is happening, researchers hope to be prepared for this situation So a team at the University of Washington tested the effect of water disinfection on the antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial DNA Researchers recently published their findings in the journal Environmental Science & technology and are developing a method to treat any antibiotic resistant gene In order to determine how these methods affect bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes, the authors and others used a harmless soil bacterium called Bacillus subtilis The team studied a particular strain that overproduced a gene called blt, which produced a protein that made Bacillus subtilis resistant to a variety of common antibiotics The researchers exposed the bacteria to different disinfection methods, and then monitored the growth of the bacteria when exposed to antibiotics and whether the genes in the bacteria were damaged "As we expected, all of the treatments we've seen have succeeded in destroying bacteria, but we've seen mixed results in DNA damage We found that the degradation rate of DNA by these two methods was very slow In fact, we found that the DNA of bacteria treated with chlorine dioxide and monochloramine retained the ability to transfer antibiotic resistance to non resistant bacteria for a long time after the original bacteria were killed "At present, the team knows how quickly these disinfection methods affect the genes used in the study Now researchers are developing a model that will allow them to estimate the rate of any genetic damage 【5】 Nat commun: ant microbial isolate can kill drug-resistant fungi doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08438-0? A recent study published in the journal Nature communications shows that chemicals from ants (or, more precisely, from the microbiota they carry) can help solve the problem of pathogen resistance For the first time, researchers from Brazil and the United States have proposed this innovative hypothesis Their idea is to isolate the bacteria that live in symbiosis with leaf cutting ants and to find natural compounds with potential to produce new drugs Photo source: www.pixabay.com samples from the study were collected by collaborators from the United States, Costa Rica and Panama In addition to cutting ants of the Attini tribe, there are 1400 insects including butterflies, wasps, bees and moths After collecting insects, the bacteria found in the body were isolated and purified in the body, and the microorganisms as pathogens in human were tested in vitro Metabonomics analysis has been selected for the most effective species of these pathogens "We combine chemometrics with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze the compounds produced by insect microbiota The aim is to identify Streptomyces strains that have unique chemical effects - in other words, compounds that are completely different from those synthesized in the soil In this way, we increase the possibility of finding real innovators, "the author explains According to the authors, cytomycin has no effect on bacteria, but it has proved to be resistant to the infection of Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common fungus in hospital acquired infections In addition, it is resistant to Candida glabra and C anuris, a fungus that causes human candidiasis, and to existing drugs 【6】 J affect dis: aspirin works again! Hope to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis! Doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz110 recently, a report was published in the Journal of infection In the Research Report on diseases, scientists from Sydney Sydney Century Research Institute revealed a new type of target for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis In this paper, the researchers found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can intercept platelets in the coagulation system to weaken the function of the immune system Today, we have not effectively eradicated tuberculosis globally Every year, more than 1400 people are infected in Australia alone Drug-resistant tuberculosis is particularly fatal and expensive to treat It costs 250000 Australian dollars to treat a patient in Australia Researchers have always wanted to treat tuberculosis by increasing the effectiveness of the immune system Using the zebrafish model of tuberculosis, researchers can observe the accumulation of blood clots and the activation of platelets in the infected area through a fluorescence microscope Dr Stefan oehlers said that observing the changes of cells in zebrafish in real time can help to understand the progress of the disease The researchers say that these platelets may be cheated by infection and thus hinder the immune system They use antiplatelet drugs to treat infection, including aspirin, which is widely used, and these drugs can effectively control the progress of infection In this study, for the first time in an animal model, the researchers found that platelets may worsen the symptoms of tuberculosis while using antihemotherapy