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On September 7, the Institute of Hemp Officia of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and eight scientific research institutes inside and outside the United Nations systematically revealed the evolutionary history of garlic populations through resequencing of garlic germplasm resources and population analysis, and found that the four or six cloves of garlic and multi-clove garlic planted in China were two independently domesticated garlic groups
.
The results were published in Genome Biology
.
.
The results were published in Genome Biology
.
Garlic is an important vegetable crop in China, with an annual sown area of more than
10 million mu.
Garlic is widely cultivated in countries around the world and has been cultivated for thousands of years
.
Garlic is thought to have originated in Central Asia, West Asia, or the Mediterranean region, but the exact center of its origin is still unknown
.
In addition, there is considerable debate about the wild ancestral species of garlic, and little
is currently known about the evolutionary origin of garlic.
Constructing a genome-wide variation map of species is of great significance
for analyzing their genomic evolution characteristics and deciphering the evolutionary origin history of species.
In 2020, the scientific research team deciphered the genome of the garlic cultivar Ershui early and assembled the first garlic genome with chromosomal level, which laid the foundation
for the identification of whole genome variation of garlic.
Despite this, the garlic genome-wide variation map has not yet been constructed, limiting the analysis
of garlic's evolutionary history.
10 million mu.
Garlic is widely cultivated in countries around the world and has been cultivated for thousands of years
.
Garlic is thought to have originated in Central Asia, West Asia, or the Mediterranean region, but the exact center of its origin is still unknown
.
In addition, there is considerable debate about the wild ancestral species of garlic, and little
is currently known about the evolutionary origin of garlic.
Constructing a genome-wide variation map of species is of great significance
for analyzing their genomic evolution characteristics and deciphering the evolutionary origin history of species.
In 2020, the scientific research team deciphered the genome of the garlic cultivar Ershui early and assembled the first garlic genome with chromosomal level, which laid the foundation
for the identification of whole genome variation of garlic.
Despite this, the garlic genome-wide variation map has not yet been constructed, limiting the analysis
of garlic's evolutionary history.
The researchers collected more than 300 garlic germplasm resources from home and abroad, and carried out genotyping sequencing (GBS) and population structure analysis of 230 garlic resources, and found that there were four main taxa of garlic germplasm, of which the four-six-petal garlic and multi-petal garlic germplasm mainly planted in China came from the garlic group CG1 and CG2
respectively.
The researchers resequenced 84 core germplasm resources and detected a total of 129.
4 Mb of variation
.
Through effective population dynamic analysis, gene flow and domestication selection interval analysis, CG1 and CG2 were speculated to have diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago, and then evolved and domesticated
independently.
In-depth analysis of harmful mutations in CG1 and CG2 shows that after long-term independent evolution and domestication, the repetition rate of harmful mutations between groups is extremely low
.
Large-scale transcriptome sequencing also suggests that long-term independent evolution and domestication has led to a remodeling of the transcriptome structure between the CG1 and CG2 groups, with 9400 garlic genes expressed differently
between the two groups.
respectively.
The researchers resequenced 84 core germplasm resources and detected a total of 129.
4 Mb of variation
.
Through effective population dynamic analysis, gene flow and domestication selection interval analysis, CG1 and CG2 were speculated to have diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago, and then evolved and domesticated
independently.
In-depth analysis of harmful mutations in CG1 and CG2 shows that after long-term independent evolution and domestication, the repetition rate of harmful mutations between groups is extremely low
.
Large-scale transcriptome sequencing also suggests that long-term independent evolution and domestication has led to a remodeling of the transcriptome structure between the CG1 and CG2 groups, with 9400 garlic genes expressed differently
between the two groups.
The bulb is composed of multiple scale buds (commonly known as garlic cloves), the number of scale buds and the weight of the scale buds are the key traits that determine the yield of the bulbs, the researchers focused on the analysis of the selection imprint of these two traits, and found that these candidate genes for the scale bud traits were either selected only in CG1 or only in CG2, so that the scale bud traits differentiated significantly between the two groups, and the evolutionary selection of the scale bud traits between the two groups was independently carried out
.
.
In summary, the study found that the two garlic taxa mainly planted in China, the four- and six-petal garlic group and the multi-petal garlic group, diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago and were independently domesticated
.
Because garlic is a nutrient to propagate crops, there is no genetic exchange between groups, resulting in the accumulation
of harmful mutations in each group alone.
Independent domestication also led to significant genomic differentiation between the two garlic groups, and the structure of the transcriptome was reshaped
.
.
Because garlic is a nutrient to propagate crops, there is no genetic exchange between groups, resulting in the accumulation
of harmful mutations in each group alone.
Independent domestication also led to significant genomic differentiation between the two garlic groups, and the structure of the transcriptome was reshaped
.
The research has been funded
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province.
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province.
