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Reproduction is the most important stage
in the life history of plants.
During the breeding process, the mating combination of male and female mates is affected by the biological characteristics of the plant itself, as well as other biological and abiotic factors
.
In addition to affecting the number of offspring produced by plants, different mating combinations also affect the genetic diversity they pass on to offspring, which in turn leads to genetic differentiation between populations, changes in sexual systems, and even ultimately promotes the formation
of new species.
Therefore, revealing the mating diversity of species and its influencing factors is of great significance
for studying their evolution.
Cylindrical polymorphisms are a diversity of flower morphological structures controlled by a supergene (S-locus supergene), manifested by two or three flowers in a population in which the female and androsperm are heterogeneous with each other (Figure 1).
The polymorphic structure of this flower appears in at least 28 angiosperm families, mainly to promote cross-pollination and improve pollen transfer accuracy
.
However, due to genetic mutations, as well as the combined effects of biological factors (such as pollinators) and abiotic factors, sometimes the polymorphism structure of heterogeneous flower column is difficult to maintain stably, resulting in great variation between and within populations, and ultimately promoting the diversity evolution of plant mating systems (Figure 1).
Researchers from the Botanical Center of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, took Primula oreodoxa as the research object, and used molecular markers to detect the maternal mating set (self-inbreeding rate, inter-flower mating ratio, male mate diversity) of different groups, and explored the evolution trend
of heterogeneous flower column polymorphic structure.
Primrose has extremely high flower variation, including type II flower column population, mixed population and homotype flower column population (Figure 2); Moreover, Yingyang primrose is different from typical heterogeneous flower column plants, with self-inbred affinity, and the traditional definition of illegal pollination (pollination incompatibility) can normally produce seeds
in Yingyang primrose.
Therefore, there are 6, 12 and 2 mating combinations in different groups of primrose (Figure 2), which is an ideal model
for studying the evolution of plant mating systems.
The results show that: (1) the self-inbreeding rate of the homotypic flower column group is the highest, and the self-inbreeding rate of the mixed group is about 2 times that of the second type flower column group; (2) From the two-type column group, to the mixed group, to the homotypic column group, the male partner diversity decreased significantly, and the mate diversity and the self-inbreeding rate of the group showed a significant negative correlation (Figure 3); (3) The proportion of outcrossing/intra-flower outcrossing had significant differences among different groups, but there was no significant correlation with the self-crossing rate and mate diversity of the group.
Among them, the DWS population mainly mates between flower types, so its type II column polymorphism can be maintained.
However, the WWS population mainly copulates within the flower type, and the polymorphism of the second flower column may be difficult to maintain, and it evolves in the direction of monomorphic flower type.
(4) With increasing altitude, long-beaked pollinators significantly reduced flower visits, and homotypic flower columns may replace secondary flower columns in these habitats, and the group will evolve into homotypic flower column groups with high self-inbring, or homotypic flower column groups with mixed mating systems; (5) Taking into account the flower pattern frequency of the population, it is found that almost all polymorphic groups except DWS are close to random mating (Figure 4), which does not support Darwin's hypothesis
that heteromorphic column groups mainly promote heterogeneous flower type heterogeneity.
Related studies are inconsistent with
the symmetrical heteromating in heterogeneous cylindrical plants described in traditional textbooks.
In type II flower columns and mixed populations, self-inbred affinity, hermapro isolation variation, and plant-pollinator interactions often lead to deviations from non-selective (heterotypic) mating, which in turn leads to the collapse of flower polymorphism structures and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies
.
By quantifying the early mating diversity that accompanies these transitions, the study highlights the critical role
that population mating patterns may play in the phenotypic differentiation and reproductive isolation evolution of flowers.
This study is one of a series of results achieved by the research team in the evolution of
mating systems in primroses.
The research team has previously taken Yingyang Primrose as the research object, revealing the genetic consequences and related ecological factors of the transition from heterotypic flower column to homotypic flower column (Yuan et al.
, 2017; Annals of Botany ), verifying that the homotypic column originated from the gene mutation/recombination of the main gene associated with the supergene (S-locus) (Yuan et al.
, 2019; Heredity ), and found that the gene co-expression module where the CYP734A50 gene is located is significantly correlated with the regulation of flower column length (Zhao et al.
, 2020; Heredity ), and finally found that the transition from heteromorphic to homogeneous flower column with loss of flower odor is a new inbred syndrome (Zeng et al.
, 2022; Journal of Systematics and Evolution ）
。 Next, the research team will synthesize the mating diversity of reproductive success, inbreeding decline and parental origin to measure the extent to which homotypic flower column can replace type II flower column individuals in transplanting experiments, and provide an empirical research case
for mating system transformation.
The relevant research results have recently been published in the international academic journal PNAS under the title "Diverse mating consequences of the evolutionary breakdown of the sexual polymorphism heterostyly" on Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4.
.
The South China Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the first to be completed, Assistant Researcher Yuan Shuai and graduated PhD Zeng Gui were co-first authors, Professor Spencer C.
H.
Barrett of the University of Toronto, Canada and Professor Zhang Dianxiang of the Plant Science Center were co-corresponding authors
.
Professor Lawrence D.
Harder of the University of Calgary in Canada also made important contributions
to the research.
The research was supported
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund, the General Project, and the Xinjiang Joint Fund.
Article link:
Possible evolutionary trends
of heteromorphic cylindrical plants in chronic absence of effective pollinators.
The flower pattern structure of the primrose and the potential mating combinations
of different groups.
The dotted line indicates a mating combination
that is not compatible in typical heteromorphic cylindrical plants, but is affinity in Primrose.
Variation in the number of male spouses and their correlations
.
Heterotypic mating ratio
of 6 groups of Yingyang Primula.
The dashed line indicates the threshold for random mating, and the confidence interval above the dashed line indicates that it fits the typical xenomating pattern
of the xenomorphic flower column.
