Situation and sustainable development of pig industry in China

Introduction: 1 Problems faced by pig industry in China Since the reform and opening up, China's national economy has sustained rapid development, people's living standards have significantly improved, and the demand for livestock products has also increased Driven by a series of policies of the party and the government to accelerate the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, China's animal husbandry has increased by an average of 9.9% annually for 20 consecutive years, and the output value has increased nearly five times, reaching 400 billion yuan, accounting for 1 / 3 of the total agricultural output value [1] In 1999, the number of pigs on hand was 4.30 The output of pork is 40.056 million tons, ranking the first in the world The per capita share of meat is 46.85 kg / person, of which 31.46 kg / person is pork, which is 37.79 kg / person more than the world's per capita and 14.79 kg / person more than pork In March 1994, the central government adopted China's Agenda 21, and various ministries and commissions, provinces, cities and autonomous regions also formulated "Agenda 21 action plans" for various industries and localities Since then, a series of major measures for sustainable development have been stepped up, such as returning farmland to forest, returning farmland to grass, adjusting agricultural structure, investing heavily in water conservancy, shutting down and transforming polluting enterprises and cities "Blue sky and green water" project, saving endangered animals and plants It also puts forward requirements and directions for the sustainable and healthy development of pig industry It is not optimistic to examine the current situation of pig industry in China from the perspective of sustainable development 1.1 resource shortage China is a large country in total resources and a poor country in per capita resources At present, China's population has reached 1.29533 billion According to 1998 statistics, China's per capita cultivated land is only 0.1042hm2, which is 44.5% of the world's per capita and 15% of the U.S per capita Moreover, the population is still increasing at a rate of 12 million (natural growth rate < 10 ‰) per year In recent 10 years, the cultivated land is decreasing at a rate of nearly 360000 hm2 per year In 1998, China's per capita grain is 359.8kg, which has not reached the internationally recognized rate The 500kg pass standard is slightly higher than 345.3kg per capita in the world, only 29.6% of that in the United States [4] [5] It can be seen that, on the one hand, economic development and population growth increase the demand for livestock products, on the other hand, the supply of feed grain for animal husbandry production is reduced, resulting in double pressure on the pig industry of concentrate type The lack of water resources is another important factor restricting the development of China's economy and animal husbandry China's per capita water resources are only 1 / 4 of the world's per capita In 2000, the total amount of water resources in China (excluding the repeated calculation of surface water and groundwater) was 2770.1 billion m3, 2130 m3 per capita According to the current normal needs and no over exploitation of groundwater, China's total annual water shortage is 30-40 billion m3 Internationally, the per capita water resources for the edge of serious water shortage and the minimum conditions for human survival are 2000 m3, respectively And 1000 m3, therefore, China is listed as one of the 13 water deficient countries [7] [8] by the United Nations, especially in the northeast, North China and northwest regions, which account for 55% of the total grain planting area, water resources only account for 14.4% of the total amount of the country The Yellow River has been cut off for more than ten times in succession, and in 1997, it was cut off for 226 days In addition, the waste of water resources and low efficiency of utilization aggravate the contradiction between supply and demand The water consumption per 10000 yuan of industrial output value in China is more than 10 times of that in developed countries, and the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water (accounting for 63% of the total water consumption in China) is only about 0.4 In recent years, the awareness of water conservation in all walks of life has been strengthened, and it is imperative to raise the water price However, the awareness of water conservation in intensive pig production in China is relatively weak In a pig farm with an annual output of 10000 heads, the amount of water in the process of bubbling or water flushing is 120-150t and 150-250t per day, respectively China's per capita energy shortage is one of the serious constraints on animal husbandry in suburban and agricultural areas In terms of the limited energy reserves of China and the world, the coal reserves are 114.5 billion T and 9842 t respectively, which is 11.6% of the world's; the proved recoverable oil reserves are 3.8 billion T and 143.4 billion T respectively, which is 2.6% of the world's; the natural gas reserves are 1.37 trillion m3 and 146.4 trillion m3 respectively, which is 0.9% of the world's; according to the per capita calculation, China's commodity energy consumption is only 1 / 2 of the world's per capita and the United States' per capita 1 / 10 of the total electricity consumption per capita is about 2% of that in the United States On the other hand, China's energy waste is serious and its economic efficiency is low, which makes the situation of energy shortage more serious China's energy efficiency is about 31.2%, 10 percentage points lower than that of developed countries The energy consumption per 10000 yuan of output value is 3 times that of the United States, 7.2 times that of Japan, and higher than that of Brazil, India and other developing countries 1.2 deterioration of animal husbandry environment Since the 1980s, the implementation of the "basket picking" project has promoted the development of intensive livestock production in China, especially in the suburbs and industrial and mining areas, which has made great contributions to reversing the situation of tight supply of meat, eggs and milk The pork provided by large-scale pig farms has accounted for 20% of the total output of the country, but the deterioration of the environment of such animal farms (especially pig farms) and their pollution to the surrounding environment The reasons for this are as follows: ① most of these farms are concentrated in the suburbs, with dense layout, close to residential areas, factories, and transportation lines, which is extremely detrimental to the epidemic prevention of pastures; at the same time, the stench of pastures, fecal sewage, mosquitoes and flies, and noise pollution make the fragile urban environment worse; ② the limited urban land, which can not absorb a large amount of livestock and poultry manure and Sewage, coupled with the serious situation that the suburban planting industry abandons organic fertilizer and turns to chemical fertilizer, is an important reason for the environmental pollution of farm manure; ③ most of these farms are imported foreign production processes and technologies, even including livestock houses and breeding equipment, which are not suitable for the national conditions in many aspects; in addition, the resources are limited, the environment and environmental pollution are not valued, and the indoor environmental control and manure treatment equipment are not matched The introduction led to the deterioration of the environment in the large-span and high-density livestock houses The manure could not be treated or used The phenomenon of arbitrary dumping and discharge was widespread, which caused serious pollution to the air, water source and soil For example, in 1990, the annual discharge of livestock and poultry manure in Shanghai exceeded 12 million tons, far more than the total amount of industrial waste and domestic waste in that year, and 90% of livestock and poultry manure was discharged into the river without treatment, with an average of 18 tons per hm2 of water surface; in 1980s, the discharge of livestock and poultry manure in Beijing reached 10 million tons, equivalent to 2-3 times of the discharge of urban population, with an area of 1200 hours M2, resulting in the loss of production value of thousands of hm2 of farmland [12], "Xiangshan becomes smelly mountain" and other reports are common in various media Although the production level is relatively low, it can achieve on-site transformation of grain and on-site absorption of fecal pollution It is a relatively primitive but stable and harmonious ecosystem However, because most of the pig houses are built in villages, and the odor and mosquito and fly pollution are serious, Zhao Furong et al (1999) investigated 110 farmers (more than 500 chickens and more than 50 pigs) in 50 counties of Henan Province First of all, 60% of fecal waste was used as fertilizer, 7.3% as feed, 6.4% as fertilizer and feed, 26.3% were piled up and sold in a square; 4.5% and 1.8% of water and soil pollution respectively, 98.2% of air pollution 1.3 protection of local variety resources Since the reform and opening-up, China has continuously introduced excellent livestock and poultry varieties from abroad and implemented improved breeding, which has played an important role in improving the production level of livestock and poultry in China At the same time, due to the out of control introduction abroad, the unilateral pursuit of productivity and product standardization driven by market demand and economic interests, it is difficult for local livestock and poultry varieties with low productivity to participate in the competition, In recent years, of the 385 known local breeds of livestock and poultry, 18 are endangered and 32 are endangered The loss of these breeds means that some useful genes will disappear forever from the earth and cannot be compensated However, with the improvement of people's living standards and quality of life, the requirements for the quality of livestock products (including safety, taste, flavor, etc.) have been put on the agenda, as evidenced by the emergence of hybrid pork stores in some cities In fact, the requirements of developed countries and regions for the quality of livestock products are earlier than that of China Beijing black pig is very popular in Japan Canada has bred and sold its Guinness Meishan pig to China America, France and other countries are also using Taihu Pig Breeding in China Therefore, if we don't take the emergency measures of utilization and protection, we can only be ashamed of the ancestors who left our excellent variety resources and our descendants 1.4 safety of livestock products In the past decade, due to the subjective and objective reasons such as environmental pollution, serious epidemic situation, imperfect relevant standards (veterinary drugs, feed and food), backward detection means and equipment, lax supervision and economic interests driving in the process of production and circulation, the safety of animal products has become a serious problem that endangers people's health, animal husbandry survival and affects export earnings According to the national general survey of livestock and poultry diseases, there are over 100 kinds of livestock and poultry diseases in China Since the 1970s, 37 kinds of new livestock and poultry diseases have been added, causing millions of pigs, cattle, sheep and chickens to die every year, with a direct economic loss of over 10 billion yuan In addition to the diseases, all kinds of drugs, chemicals, heavy metals, biological hormone residues and pollution are increasingly harmful to the health quality of livestock products  。 Recently, more than 400 people in Guangdong were poisoned by eating pork In 1998, 17 people in Hong Kong reported that they were poisoned by eating the viscera of pigs supplied to Hong Kong from mainland China, which was caused by the addition of the banned drug clenbuterol hydrochloride in pig feed By the end of June this year, only 15% of the 2000 products of 1050 green food production enterprises in China obtained the green food mark were green livestock, poultry, eggs and milk products In the early 1990s, China's livestock and poultry products began to enter the international market, but due to the drug residues were returned or destroyed by the relevant countries one after another The chicken exported to Japan was rejected one after another due to the excessive residue of "keqiu powder" in the chicken, which hindered the export; the EU stopped importing China's livestock and poultry products in August 1996 due to the excessive use of Chinese feed and the excessive residue in livestock and poultry products, and then the export of China's livestock and poultry products in Japan, South Korea, South Africa and other countries was also restricted From 1997 to 1998, the European Union sent personnel to inspect chicken products in China for four times It raised objections to the prevention and control of epidemic diseases, veterinary management system, product drug residues (pesticides, veterinary drugs, heavy metals generally exceeding the standard) and detection methods in China, and decided to continue the trade embargo on China's livestock and poultry products, resulting in huge political and economic losses No wonder that in 1999, 28.9% of the world's production accounted for China's meat export (400000 T / year) only accounts for 0.8% of the total output, and poultry and eggs export (340000 T / year) only accounts for 1.8% of the total output China has joined the WTO, and our livestock products will face more severe challenges The main technical reasons for the safety problems of livestock products are as follows: ① the environment of the production site, the livestock and poultry farm suffered from the pollution of industrial and agricultural production, transportation and residents' life due to the improper site selection; the production environment of livestock and poultry deteriorated due to the unreasonable production process, the inadequate environmental control of livestock houses, the lax feeding management and the non harmless treatment of dung The pollution of the surrounding environment and the deterioration of the pasture environment not only directly affect the quality of the products, but also cause the stress of livestock and poultry and the occurrence of epidemics In order to prevent and control epidemics and purify the environment, a large number of veterinary drugs, disinfectants, insecticides and rodenticides are used, which further cause the pollution of the products; ② in addition to the pesticides and toxic and harmful substances contained in the feed grain, the feed and feed additives are moldy in the storage process Toxic and harmful substances produced by metamorphism, antibiotics, heavy metals, trace elements, hormones, tranquilizers or stimulants added to prevent diseases and improve productivity are product pollution