Situation and sustainable development of pig industry in China (2)

Introduction: In the past decade, due to the subjective and objective reasons such as environmental pollution, serious epidemic situation, imperfect relevant standards (veterinary drugs, feed and food), backward detection means and equipment, lax supervision and economic interests driving in the process of production and circulation, the safety of animal products has become a serious problem that endangers people's health, animal husbandry survival and affects export earnings According to the national general survey of livestock and poultry diseases, there are over 100 kinds of livestock and poultry diseases in China Since the 1970s, 37 kinds of new livestock and poultry diseases have been added, causing millions of pigs, cattle, sheep and chickens to die every year, with a direct economic loss of over 10 billion yuan In addition to the diseases, all kinds of drugs, chemicals, heavy metals, biological hormone residues and pollution are increasingly harmful to the health quality of livestock products  。 China's pig production can not be developed at the expense of environment and resources, but must follow the path of sustainable development that is friendly to the environment and rational utilization of resources No matter intensive or small-scale pig production, the environmental pollution caused by improper treatment of manure not only directly affects the surrounding environment and the productivity and health of the pig population, but also indirectly affects the product quality, production cost and efficiency, which has become the key to restrict the sustainable development of pig production Recently, the State Environmental Protection Administration issued the order of the director general of the measures for the prevention and control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding, and passed the standards for the discharge of pollutants from livestock and poultry breeding industry and the technical specifications for environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding industry These documents embody the basic principles of pollution prevention and control: reduction, innocuity and resource utilization, from ideas to specific provisions and supporting technologies Reduction In the code, specific provisions are made to reduce the generation of pollutants in the production process, such as reasonable selection of construction site, reasonable planning and greening site, reasonable layout of pig house building, etc.; promotion of dry manure removal process; separation of rainwater and sewage must be achieved in the design of water supply and drainage; reasonable coordination of grain feeding (such as ideal protein system, reasonable use of additives, etc.), strengthening health and epidemic prevention, manure pollution and This paper will not elaborate on the principles of dealing with dead animals Harmless There are many successful examples for the harmless treatment of solid manure and sewage in pig farms There are also a large number of studies and case reports in various newspapers and magazines The supporting treatment technology for pollutant discharge in livestock and poultry breeding industry matching with the above-mentioned pollutant discharge standard for livestock and poultry breeding industry also provides the pollutant discharge amount and concentration of various livestock and poultry farms, common treatment process and design parameters, This article will not go into details It should be emphasized that China has a vast territory and different climatic, natural and economic conditions in different regions and fields Therefore, treatment process and equipment must be selected according to local conditions and considering the direction of utilization It is not allowed to copy and apply, and attention must be paid to prevent secondary pollution in the process of treatment Resource based In the agricultural ecosystem, pig manure and sewage enter into the inorganic environment (soil) and are transformed into available nutrients and soil fertility by decomposers (microorganisms, etc.), which are used by producers (green plants) and converted into organic products through photosynthesis Although this is the simplest form of material circulation in the ecosystem, it is enough to show that manure is extremely valuable resources, but if not If it is not treated properly, it will become a pollution source If it is treated to meet the standards and discharge only to prevent pollution, it will not only be a great waste of resources, but also will inevitably increase the treatment investment and energy consumption Therefore, the treatment process and method must be determined according to the direction of resource utilization, so as to reduce the treatment investment and energy consumption If there is no multi-level utilization condition in this field, it can be treated after As active organic fertilizer or organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and liquid fertilizer, the benefits are considerable; if conditions permit, biogas, mulberry fruit, fish, earthworm and maggot, mushroom, etc can be made on the site, so as to realize multi-level utilization and transformation of resources, achieve better economic benefits, and further strive for zero emission of pollutants, realize clean production, improve pig breeding environment, and improve pig population Production capacity and health level, to ensure product quality, which is the only way for the construction of ecological pig farm as a low-efficiency industry Strengthen food safety, improve product quality and meet the challenge of access to the WTO After China's accession to the WTO, the pig industry in China is faced with domestic and international pressure and challenges due to product quality problems, which will also determine the rise and fall of each production site China has promulgated or formulated a series of policies, regulations and standards to ensure the quality of animal products, such as the food hygiene law of the people's Republic of China, the regulations of the people's Republic of China on the administration of feed and feed additives, the standard of feed raw materials, the hygienic standard of feed, the standard of feed additives, the residue in animal and animal derived food of the people's Republic of China Material monitoring plan, maximum residue of veterinary drugs in animal food, management measures for pollution prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding, pollutant discharge standards of livestock and poultry breeding industry, technical specifications for environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding industry, animal epidemic prevention law, law on inspection of entry and exit animals and plants, etc Although some laws and standards still need to be revised, improved and integrated with international standards, they are still unclear The key to solve the problem of product quality lies in the strict implementation of these current regulations and standards Establish the inspection and quarantine supervision system in line with the international standards, and strengthen the supervision The State shall establish a special and authoritative animal food safety supervision institution, eliminate the phenomenon of overlapping of functional departments, block by block, local or departmental protectionism, and uniformly formulate the contents and systems of supervision and law enforcement; formulate and improve the unified party of sampling, inspection and quarantine in line with the international standards Law shall be implemented by environmental protection, food, feed and additives, Veterinary Veterinary Veterinary Medicine and other departments Meanwhile, instruments and equipment of inspection and quarantine departments at all levels shall be equipped and improved, and relevant technical personnel shall be trained; legal construction shall be strengthened, product quality certification system shall be implemented, and punishment for illegal products and malpractices shall be strengthened To promote the construction of ecological pig farms and strengthen the management of pig farms, environmental management and sanitation and epidemic prevention ① the production enterprises should reduce and prevent stress and disease from directly affecting the product quality from the production site environment, production process and other links, and at the same time, reduce the chance of product quality degradation indirectly caused by the prevention and treatment of drugs; ② strictly control the feed raw materials and change "one look, two news, three news" For the "touch" feed detection method, enterprises with conditions shall establish their own detection facilities, and those without conditions shall be sampled for inspection; ③ protect and develop the good local pig breeds in China, and improve the pork quality of commercial pigs It is imperative to strengthen the management of processing, packaging, storage, transportation and sales, crack down on illegal and criminal activities such as making and selling fake products, reasonably construct and transform pig farms, and improve the environment of pig farms Pig farm environment depends on production process, site selection, site planning and layout, pig house building design, feeding management equipment selection and matching, fecal sewage treatment and utilization, veterinary health and epidemic prevention, which not only has direct or indirect impact on pig productivity, health and product quality, but also has interaction with the surrounding environment, so it must be adapted to local conditions, considering construction equipment investment and energy Comprehensive measures shall be taken from the above aspects Adopt reasonable production process The production process of pig farm includes pig group composition and turnover mode, feeding mode, feeding density, fecal cleaning mode, drinking water mode, feeding mode, etc the determination of production process should not only consider the technical requirements of animal husbandry and veterinary, improve labor productivity, but also be conducive to epidemic prevention and environmental improvement, such as the adoption of "all in and all out" transfer system and the corresponding pig house building or professional farm setting; the adoption of "dry" transfer system Method and equipment of defecation Improve the site environment The newly-built site shall be kept at a certain sanitary distance from residential areas, factories, other pastures and traffic arteries; the site planning shall be divided into pre site areas (living, administrative and production auxiliary rooms), production areas (all kinds of pig houses) and isolation areas (sick pig isolation houses, fecal sewage and treatment facilities for sick and dead pigs, etc.); the roads in the site shall be clean and sewage separated; isolation, wind prevention and transportation shall be planned Road, sunshade and other green land; the arrangement of pigsty should consider epidemic prevention and production contact, and maintain appropriate spacing When adopting the "multi-point" professional field technology, each branch should be more than 3km away from each other; facilities such as disinfection, shower, dressing, pig display, export pig shipment, etc should be set Environmental control of pigsty The regulation of indoor environment should follow the principle of not only ensuring the production and health of pigs, but also minimizing the investment and energy consumption of buildings and equipment The first is to improve the environment in the house by improving the environment in the field and strengthening the feeding management, instead of relying solely on the building of the pig house and the environmental control equipment such as ventilation, heating and cooling; the second is to fully consider the adaptability of the pig and give appropriate exercise, and not blindly pursue the environmental parameter standard to cultivate the pig into a "greenhouse flower"; the third is to make full use of the favorable factors and time of the natural environment Section (such as temperature in spring and autumn, summer and night, and solar radiation in winter and day) shall be controlled by natural and artificial equipment; the fourth is to control the local environment around the pig as much as possible, and the comprehensive control of heating, cooling, ventilation, and sewage discharge If positive pressure mechanical ventilation is adopted, air heating, cooling, dust removal, disinfection and other treatment can be realized, and The treated air is sent around the pig body, and the moist and dirty air is naturally "squeezed" out of the house, which overcomes the disadvantages of the negative pressure ventilation, such as the cold air inlet end and the dirty air outlet end in winter, the windows must be closed for ventilation, and the natural favorable conditions can not be utilized, and also greatly reduces the investment and energy consumption of the equipment such as ventilation, heating and cooling.