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Dear readers and friends, "Logical Neuroscience" will once again open the "Featured (Recommended) Review Articles" from now on, and we will select several academic authorities such as Cell, Nature, Science and so on in each issue The latest and most cutting-edge review articles in the field of neuroscience in the journal are shared with readers and friends in the form of abstracts for everyone to learn and inspire
.
For details, you can download the original text and read
it by yourself.
1 It is generally accepted that macrophages are key tissue sentinel cells found in various organs throughout the body, and they are able to "cleanse" pathogens and damaged cells by phagating cell material and regulating tissue repair and maintenance.
These tissue-resident macrophages (RTMs) are uniquely adaptable and plastic, responding not only to tissue-specific signals, but also preserving the ability of tissue phagocytes to
perform core functions.
However, during disease, monocytes are recruited into inflammatory tissues and differentiate into monocytes-derived macrophages (MO-MACs), which exhibit cellular heterogeneity and pleiotropic functions
during development, health, and disease.
Therefore, understanding the differences between these macrophage subsets and states is essential
to explore their function during homeostasis and disease, both early and late.
Professor Miriam Merad's team from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA, and Professor Florent Ginhoux from Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus in France, are present at Cell published a leading edge review article entitled "Macrophages in health and disease.
" The unique core functions of RTMs in different tissues and the functional differences between RTMs and mo-mac for disease progression were summarized.
It also proposes the focus of future research, on the one hand, to explore whether monocytes-derived RTMs fully migrate to the exact same niche as embryo-derived RTMs and their respective contributions to homeostasis, and on the other hand, reliable markers should be identified to distinguish between subsets of RTMs and disease-driven MO-MAC pool, which will help guide therapeutic interventions at different stages of the disease.
For details, see: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
cell.
2022.
10.
007
2 Perivascular spaces Plays a vital role
in maintaining homeostasis and initiating neuroinflammation.
However, despite more than a century of intensive research on perivascular voids, there are still many unanswered questions
about the anatomical chamber around the vessels of the central nervous system (CNS).
Professor Benjamin V.
Ineichen et al.
from the National Institutes of Health's Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke summarized the perivascular voids in human models of neuroinflammation and related animal diseases Research progress
.
They first laid the groundwork
by discussing the current concept involving perivascular voids and their associated controversies.
Next, they summarized the literature on
perivascular space-mediated neuroinflammation.
Finally, they integrated evidence for the perivascular space to propose a model
of its role in neuroinflammation.
They also discuss important gaps in knowledge about the anatomical and functional aspects of the perivascular space that still exist and some of the limitations of perivascular space research (e.
g.
, precise anatomy of perivascular space, The role of hydrodynamics in the perivascular space).
The work was published in Neuron under the title "Perivascular spaces and their role in neuroinflammation.
" A further understanding of the perivascular space can advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation and open a new window
for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Details: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2022.
10.
024
3 Macrophages within the central nervous system (CNS), such as parenchymal microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs), contribute to neurodevelopment and health, vascularization, and tissue integrity
in a steady state.
Monocytes that patrol the boundaries, such as dendritic cells and monocytes, confer important immune functions on the CNS, protecting it from pathogenic threats
including abnormal cell growth and brain malignancies.
In CNS neuroinflammatory diseases, tissue macrophages (TRMs) help clear inflammation, while bloodborne phagocytes drive immunopathological processes
.
The latest titled "The CNS mononuclear phagocyte system in health and disease" is published in Neuron In the latest opinion piece (Perspectivie), Prof.
Burkhard Becher, Prof.
Sarah Mundt and Prof.
Sarah Mundt from the Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University of Zurich Professor Melanie Greter jointly summarized the location, origin, phenotype and function of macrophages in CNS, as well as the different immunomodulatory effects of specific phagocytes such as CNS resident / infiltrating phagocytes in brain malignancies and autoimmune neuroinflammation
。 They believe that phagocytes may be a new therapeutic target that could advance clinical intervention in CNS pathology
.
See: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2022.
10.
005
4
Microglia research has made great progress in recent decades, but has been limited by a series of dichotomy, such as "resting vs activation" and "M1 vs M2"
.
This binary classification of good and bad microglia is inconsistent
with the broad status and function of microglia in development, plasticity, aging, and disease that has been elucidated in recent years.
Transcriptomic and proteomic classification, for example, are used to describe different microglial states, but can easily lead to a coupling
of classes and functions.
To study and solve these problems, Professor Rosa C.
Paolicelli from the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, Professor Amanda Sierra from the University of the Basque Country in Spain, Beth Stevens from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Broad Institute of Harvard University, and Marie-Eve from the University of Laval in Canada Professor Tremblay convened a multidisciplinary group of experts who have made significant contributions to microglial research to gather the perspectives of all authors on current and future challenges in defining microglial status and nomenclature through a questionnaire
。 They summarize their current knowledge of microglial identity and discuss best practices
on how to define and study microglial state dynamics.
It then outlines the "classic" microglia nomenclature, highlighting some of the key findings that led to the above classification and their limitations
.
It also makes suggestions on how to use microglia nomenclature correctly as research progresses, provides a conceptual framework for discussing microglia, and provides detailed explanations of future issues, knowledge gaps, and challenges that need to be addressed as a field.
The work (Perspectivie) was published on November 2, 2022 under the title "Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its.
" Crossroads" was published in
Neuron.
For details, see: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2022.
10.
020
5
In the central nervous system (CNS), numerous studies have demonstrated that microglia play a key rolein regulating brain development, brain homeostasis, and disease progression.
Therefore, it is necessary
to dissect and characterize the functional and phenotypic subpopulations of microglia to reveal their role under physiological and pathological conditions.
In the past, researchers have mainly relied on cell culture and animal models for analysis, but traditional two-dimensional monolayer cell culture is not enough to fully understand the function of microglia in the CNS, and there are significant differences
between mouse and human microglia.
This suggests the need to establish appropriate human-based models to capture the physiology, function, and genetics
of microglia.
More recently, recent developments in single-cell genomics and stem cell-derived organoid technology have accelerated the identification of heterogeneous microglial populations and the analysis
of microglial activity in health and disease.
On November 2, 2022, in a paper published in Neuron titled "Advanced in vitro models: Microglia in action" (Primer), Yale University School of Medicine Professors Bilal Cakir and In-Hyun Park et al This paper summarizes the latest in vitro models of microglia, especially brain organoid models, to study the development and function of microglia, summarizes their disadvantages and advantages, and proposes that in the future we should focus on creating and modifying methods to make in vitro detection of microglia function feasible
。
See: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2022.
10.
004
6
The central nervous system (CNS) of mammals contains an active community of adaptive immune cells, including memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells
。 In healthy, aging, and neurological disease settings, these T cells reside in the CNS and often manifest as a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype, providing long-term immune surveillance
.
Recently, Professor John T.
Harty and Professor Madison R.
Mix of the University of Iowa Carver School of Medicine published in the journal Trends in Immunology.
" Keeping T cell memories in m ind"
.
They provide an overview of TRM-producing events, neuroanatomical localization, maintenance mechanisms (which may be related to cytokines and inhibitory receptor signaling pathways), and specificity-defining functions (TRMs can be identified by antigens or by antigens).
Activate the new concept
of bystander participation in protective or pathological processes of the CNS).
They propose that using TRM as a core CNS cell type, developing treatments that target the TRM population in the CNS may be better than regulating T The strategy of cell infiltration is more promising
.
For details, please refer to: Selected https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
it.
2022.
10.
001
Previous Review Series [1].
Review Article Recommendation Topic Issue 1 - Cell Journal Latest Frontier Review Selection in the Field of Neuroscience (October 11, 2022)
Welcome to scan the code to join Logical Neuroscience Literature Learning 2 Group Remarks Format: Name-- Field of study - degree/title/title/position
End of article
