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Toxic mushrooms pose a threat to human health, but are a source of important drugs and functional molecul.
The most harmful poisonous mushrooms are certain fungi of the genus Amanita, which are responsible for most of the fatal poisoning cas.
The toxin in the highly toxic amanita is amanita cyclopeptide, but the amanita cyclopeptide is not unique to the fungus of the genus Amanita, and can also produce such toxins in the far-related genera Cytosporium and Amani.
fung.
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered two new key genes for the synthesis of amanita cyclopeptide (P450-29 and FMO1), which are different oxygenases responsible for the key sites of amanita cyclopeptide toxin (Isoleucin.
amino acid C-5 and proline C-4, e.
) to introduce oxygen ato.
The absence of these oxygen atoms would result in a more than 1,000-fold decrease in the activity of the tox.
In this study, the number of known toxin synthesis genes was increased from the original 2 to 4, and a deeper understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide was obtain.
Through the establishment of the world's only highly toxic amanita genome platform, the research has constructed the genome database of 13 highly toxic species in the genus Amanita, Amanita and Amanita, and completely analyzed the biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide in the gen.
The overall structure of the mushroom order shows that the main synthetic genes of amanita cyclopeptide are the same or similar in the three different genera of the mushroom order, so the biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide is homologo.
Evidence from phylogenetic and genetic studies shows that the reason why Amanita, Amanita muscaria, and Amanita muscaria can produce Amanita cyclopeptide toxin is the horizontal gene transf.
Further evolutionary analysis showed that the horizontal gene transfer occurred in a long time ago and did not directly occur between these types of mushrooms, but was passed to these mushrooms by an unknown ancient fungal species as a donor (as shown in the figur.
The study confirmed for the first time that, in the order Mushrooms, although Amanita, Amanita muscaria and Amanita are far from each other, the genetic basis for the production of Amanita cyclopeptide toxin is the same, and they are all controlled by similar gen.
However, over the course of evolution, the ability to synthesize toxins in the above three types of mushrooms has chang.
In wood saprophytic Amanita fungi, there is only one toxin precursor gene and this gene encodes α-amanita; in soil saprophytic fungi, there is a slight expansion of the MSDIN precursor gene family , there are about 10 kinds of toxin precursor genes; in mycorrhizal symbiotic Amanita fungi, the MSDIN precursor gene family has been significantly expanded, and even new toxin modification genes have been generated, which can expand the number of cyclic peptides by dozens of tim.
Therefore, the actual toxin-producing ability of amanita is thousands of times that of Amanita muscaria and Amanita muscar.
Although Amanita, Amanita muscaria, and Amanita muscaria all inherited the toxin genes transferred from the donors, they may have gone their separate ways due to different physiological and ecological pressures, and each evolved in different directions, eventually forming three very different speci.
Fate (picture.
Amanita is one of the be.
Its biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide has produced many innovations, and its toxin-producing ability has been increased thousands of times, making it the king of mushroom pois.
Recently, related research results were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) under the title Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushroo.
The research work is supported by the Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Special Project (Type B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of Chi.
Researchers from the French Academy of Agricultural Sciences participated in the stu.
Schematic diagram of the distribution of cyclopeptide toxin synthesis genes and the evolution of metabolic pathways in Amanita, Amanita muscaria, and Amanita chinensis Source: Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
The most harmful poisonous mushrooms are certain fungi of the genus Amanita, which are responsible for most of the fatal poisoning cas.
The toxin in the highly toxic amanita is amanita cyclopeptide, but the amanita cyclopeptide is not unique to the fungus of the genus Amanita, and can also produce such toxins in the far-related genera Cytosporium and Amani.
fung.
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences discovered two new key genes for the synthesis of amanita cyclopeptide (P450-29 and FMO1), which are different oxygenases responsible for the key sites of amanita cyclopeptide toxin (Isoleucin.
amino acid C-5 and proline C-4, e.
) to introduce oxygen ato.
The absence of these oxygen atoms would result in a more than 1,000-fold decrease in the activity of the tox.
In this study, the number of known toxin synthesis genes was increased from the original 2 to 4, and a deeper understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide was obtain.
Through the establishment of the world's only highly toxic amanita genome platform, the research has constructed the genome database of 13 highly toxic species in the genus Amanita, Amanita and Amanita, and completely analyzed the biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide in the gen.
The overall structure of the mushroom order shows that the main synthetic genes of amanita cyclopeptide are the same or similar in the three different genera of the mushroom order, so the biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide is homologo.
Evidence from phylogenetic and genetic studies shows that the reason why Amanita, Amanita muscaria, and Amanita muscaria can produce Amanita cyclopeptide toxin is the horizontal gene transf.
Further evolutionary analysis showed that the horizontal gene transfer occurred in a long time ago and did not directly occur between these types of mushrooms, but was passed to these mushrooms by an unknown ancient fungal species as a donor (as shown in the figur.
The study confirmed for the first time that, in the order Mushrooms, although Amanita, Amanita muscaria and Amanita are far from each other, the genetic basis for the production of Amanita cyclopeptide toxin is the same, and they are all controlled by similar gen.
However, over the course of evolution, the ability to synthesize toxins in the above three types of mushrooms has chang.
In wood saprophytic Amanita fungi, there is only one toxin precursor gene and this gene encodes α-amanita; in soil saprophytic fungi, there is a slight expansion of the MSDIN precursor gene family , there are about 10 kinds of toxin precursor genes; in mycorrhizal symbiotic Amanita fungi, the MSDIN precursor gene family has been significantly expanded, and even new toxin modification genes have been generated, which can expand the number of cyclic peptides by dozens of tim.
Therefore, the actual toxin-producing ability of amanita is thousands of times that of Amanita muscaria and Amanita muscar.
Although Amanita, Amanita muscaria, and Amanita muscaria all inherited the toxin genes transferred from the donors, they may have gone their separate ways due to different physiological and ecological pressures, and each evolved in different directions, eventually forming three very different speci.
Fate (picture.
Amanita is one of the be.
Its biosynthetic pathway of amanita cyclopeptide has produced many innovations, and its toxin-producing ability has been increased thousands of times, making it the king of mushroom pois.
Recently, related research results were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) under the title Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushroo.
The research work is supported by the Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Special Project (Type B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of Chi.
Researchers from the French Academy of Agricultural Sciences participated in the stu.
Schematic diagram of the distribution of cyclopeptide toxin synthesis genes and the evolution of metabolic pathways in Amanita, Amanita muscaria, and Amanita chinensis Source: Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
