Recent important research results of intestinal microorganisms are interpreted!

In !--," the editor summarizes several important research findings to jointly interpret recent discoveries by scientists in the field of microbiome research! Learn with you! Picture: CC0 Public Domain Science: New Discovery! Gut microorganisms may affect the body's metabolic processes! doi:10.1126/science.abd6176 The 10 trillion bacteria that live in our digestive system may not be human, but they seem to be as integral to our body as the heart or liver of the body, and in recent years a growing number of studies have reported that gut microbes directly affect biological processes from intestinal movements to body behavior; In a study in Science, scientists from Rockefeller University and others revealed the molecular mechanisms by which gut microbes shape the body's metabolism, identifying a particular type of intestinal neuron that controls the body's blood sugar levels and affects the body's appetite. 'We all know that gut microbes produce special metabolites that can simulate neurotransmitters and are detected by neuron cells in the gut,' said
researcher Dr Paul Muller.
The gut is surrounded by neurons, which in themselves can be seen as a nervous system, and the gut is often referred to by researchers as the body's second brain because of its complexity, which helps the body digest and move by looking at a variety of molecular cues, most of which are thought to come from our daily diet or gut microbes.
: Revealing the mysterious link between poor sleep quality, high blood pressure and the body's gut microbiome! doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00039.2020 In a recent study published in the international journal Physiology Genomics, scientists from the University of Illinois and others The study revealed a link between sleep disturbance, high blood pressure, and changes in the gut microbiome, which the researchers wanted to identify as biological characteristics associated with poor arterial blood pressure changes, by determining whether 28 days of sleep disturbance altered the microbiome in rats.
Using rats for research, the researchers interfered with the sleep cycles of rats, which were nocturns, so the experiments they designed could interfere with their sleep cycles during the day, using telemetry transmitters to measure brain activity, blood pressure and heart rate in rats, as well as to analyze their feces Researcher Maki said that when a rat's sleep cycle or schedule is abnormal, its blood pressure increases, and even when its sleep cycle returns to normal, its body's blood pressure remains elevated, suggesting that dysfunctional sleep may damage the body's health for some time.
: New Discovery! Before the body infects the pathogen, the gut microorganisms may shape the production of a variety of antibodies in the body! doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2564-6B cells are white blood cells that develop antibodies that produce antibodies that can be associated with harmful foreign particles (viruses or pathogenicity) Bacteria, etc., bind and block their invasion of the host and infection of the body's cells, each B cell carries a single B-cell recipient (BCR) which helps determine the binding of exogenous substances, as if each lock could accept a different key.
The body has millions of B cells carrying different receptors, and the huge diversity of B cells stems from the rearrangement of the encoded receptor genes, so the receptors on the surface of each B cell are slightly different, allowing them to identify billions of different harmful molecules;
, in a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from the University of Bern and others analyzed the expression of billions of genes produced by coded antibodies in a system that allows them to understand how genes respond to individual benign gut microbes.
The number of benign microorganisms that live in the gut is about the same as the number of cells in the body, and most bacteria stay in the gut and cannot penetrate the body's tissues, but unfortunately some of the penetration processes in the gut microbiome are unavoidable because the gut has only one layer of cells that separate/isolate the blood vessels we need to absorb food nutrients from the inside of the blood vessels.
: The Gut Microbiome May Be Able to Convert Stress to Sickle Cell Disease Doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.025 A study published in the international journal Immunity, by scientists from institutions such as the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Studies in mice have revealed how chronic psychological stress can lead to painful outbreaks of blood vessel blockage, a common complication of sickle-cell disease (SCD, sickle-cell disease) and a major cause of hospitalization;
SCDs make up about 1/365 of the African-American population, and patients usually carry a genetic mutation that causes abnormal hemoglobin production, which promotes red blood cells to become sickle-like and less flexible, and how sickle-like red blood cells block small blood vessels, block blood flow, and oxygen reaches tissues. This may lead to painful and weakened vasodilation episodes (VOEs) that last for several days; there is currently no therapy to reverse VOE, and over time it can cause serious damage to the internal organs, which is the main reason why life expectancy in severe SCD patients is 20-30 years lower than in non-SCD patients.
/!-- ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page title"--Cell: The gut microbiome is resistant to cholera doi:10.1016/cell.2020.05.036 If left untreated, cholera can kill patients within hours and kill up to 4 million people a year.
a new study, researchers at the University of California, Riverside, describe how gut bacteria can help people fight the disease.
the study, published in the Journal of Cell; bacteria live in every corner of the planet -- even inside the human body.
, a microbiologist at the University of California, Riverside, studied whether bacteria living in our bodies, collectively known as the human microbiome, protect people from diseases caused by external bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae.
vibrio cholerae lives in watercages and causes cholera.
Hsiao's team studied the gut microbiomes of Bangladeshis, many of whom suffer from cholera due to contaminated food, water and poor sanitation.
When people get sick, diarrhea is flushed into the water system that people drink, which is a negative cycle," explains Hsiao.
his team wanted to see if previous infections or other stresses, such as malnutrition, made people more vulnerable, compared with Americans who did not face the same pressures.
picture source: Janie Kim. Published in Cell 6 Nature sub-journal: Gut microbes cause colorectal cancer through broken intestinal walls! Doi:10.1038/s43018-020-0070-2 A cooperative study by a team from the VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research and the University of Dent at the Flanders Biotechnology Institute in Belgium reveals a new mechanism for colorectal cancer.
found that abnormal expressions of Zeb2 protein affect the integrity of the intestinal wall or 'skin'.
normally, this corted cell acts as a barrier against the penetration of gut microbes, " he said.
" Zeb2 breaks this barrier and allows permeable bacteria to cause inflammation, which can lead to cancer progress.
, scientists have shown that controlling the immune system or removing the microbiome can prevent cancer from developing.
findings could lead to new treatments and are published in the journal Nature Cancer.
colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the fourth deadliest.
, anti-cancer therapies, including immunotherapy, are relatively ineffective in colorectal cancer.
genetic factors, environmental factors associated with Western lifestyles, such as diet, obesity and sedentary lifestyles, also increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
the disease originated in the intestinal corted cells.
over time, these "barrier" cells accumulate mutations and develop malignant properties.
better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of colorectal cancer is critical to developing new treatments to effectively combat this deadly disease.
Cell: How do gut microbes affect drug safety and effectiveness? doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.001 Researchers at Princeton University have developed a systematic approach to assess how microbiomes in our guts are chemically transformed or metabolized Oral drugs, which affect their safety and effectiveness, provide a more complete picture of how gut bacteria metabolize drugs and may help develop more effective, less side-effect, personalized drugs, the study, published in cell, has examined how a single type of gut bacteria metabolize oral drugs.
new framework allows you to assess a person's entire gut microbiome at once.
, researchers say, we don't shy away from the complexity of the microbiome, but embrace it.
this approach allows us to gain a more realistic view of the overall and realistic metabolism of the drug.
used this method to assess the effects of gut microbes on hundreds of common drugs on the market.
is the main area where pills and liquid drugs are absorbed by the body.
researchers found 57 types of gut bacteria that can alter existing oral drugs.
80 per cent of these previously uncharted, underscoring the potential of the method to reveal unknown drug-microbiome interactions.
: Prognostic doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2288-7 in a study published in the international journal Nature Scientists from Harvard University and others have identified a new type of intestinal-brain connection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease, and in mice with common ALS gene mutations, researchers have found that using antibiotics or fecal transplants to alter the gut microbiome may inhibit disease symptoms that improve the body.
the results may help explain why some individuals carry mutations that induce ALS, while microbiome-based researchers may also be able to develop a possible therapeutic approach.
researcher Kevin Eggan said: 'In this study, we focused on the most common mutant genes in alS patients' bodies, and found that the same mouse model (the same genetic characteristics) may show significantly different health outcomes under different laboratory conditions; In-depth analysis! How does the gut microbiome interconnect with the immune system to induce bile siltation liver disease? doi:10.1002/hep.31228 Today, a growing body of research suggests a link between bile siltation liver disease and changes in the composition of the body's microbiome, but researchers are not aware of the key role of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of the disease; In a study published in the journal Hepatology entitled "Intestinal microbiome-macrophage crosstalk contributes to cholestatic liver by promoting intestinal permeability", scientists from institutions such as the Quadram Institute of Biological Sciences have studied how gut microbes interact with immune system cells to induce the occurrence of bile siltation liver disease.
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page"--the body's intestines are a selective barrier that blocks the entry of pathogenic bacteria into the body while promoting the body's absorption of nutrients. In the gut, crosstalk connections between the microbiome, immune cells, and endocrine cells are essential to maintain the body's intestinal barrier function; intestinal permeability is strictly regulated by the immune system because cytokines such as TNF and IFN are able to regulate tightly connected proteins (TJ proteins, tight junction proteins).