Progress in influenza virus and vaccine research
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Last Update: 2019-06-14
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Source: Internet
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Author: User
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June 14, 2019 / BIOON / - this issue brings you the latest research progress of influenza virus, helping you to understand how scientists are developing new influenza therapies and vaccines through further understanding of influenza virus 【1】 Nat Microbiol: it is the first time to find that influenza virus and respiratory bacteria can work together to promote host infection doi: 10.1038/s41564-019-0447-0 Recently, an international journal Nature In the report on microbiology, scientists from the St Judas children's research hospital found that influenza virus might function like Velcro to help common respiratory bacteria stand firm in the respiratory tract In this paper, the researchers found for the first time that influenza virus can adhere to the surface of common respiratory bacteria, and significantly enhance the ability of bacteria to adsorb on the organ wall Compared with mice only infected with bacteria or influenza virus, mice infected with bacteria virus complex tend to have a higher death rate Photo source: Dr Jason Rosch, a cell researcher, said that bacteria seem to use influenza viruses to decorate their surfaces, so as to enhance their ability to adsorb on respiratory tract tissues in the early stage of infection, and it seems to be a way for bacteria and viruses to work together to promote infection in the early stage of infection The results are expected to help researchers design more effective vaccines, after researchers found that there may be a beneficial interaction between different bacteria and viruses in the gut and organs When an infected person coughs or sneezes or spreads pathogens, bacteria and viruses will take advantage of the interaction They will use different receptors to absorb into the host respiratory system tissues, and work together to cause the patient's condition to worsen, said researcher Rosch The bacteria in this study usually exist in the nasal cavity, which will spread to the lung tissue of infected patients and lead to pneumonia or ear canal infection, and the direct effect of influenza virus and bacteria will also promote the spread of the virus 【2】 Cell: human antibodies reveal the potential weakness of influenza virus doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.011 scientists funded by the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases (NIAID) under the National Institutes of health report that the changing "head" of influenza virus protein has an unexpected fatal weakness The team found and identified the structure of a naturally occurring human antibody that recognizes and destroys part of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein the virus uses to enter and infect cells The researchers found that the antibody, called flua-20, binds closely to an area of the globular head of the HA protein that is only attacked in a short time James E Crowe, M.D., a professor at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee, led the team with Ian A Wilson from the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California They isolated an antibody to flua-20 from a person who had been vaccinated with the flu several times In a series of experiments, they found that flua-20 can "enter" the inaccessible part of the HA trimer molecule and divide it, thus preventing the virus from spreading between cells This finding is surprising because the HA region of the trimer is thought to be stable and antibodies cannot enter In addition, this region is different from other regions of HA head and has little change among different strains Therefore, in theory, antibody therapy for this precise region is effective for many influenza A virus strains Similarly, vaccines designed to induce antibodies against this target may provide long-term protection against any influenza strain, potentially eliminating the need for annual seasonal influenza vaccination In the mouse study, flua-20 prevented infection or disease when animals were exposed to four different subtypes of influenza A virus The two viruses H1N1 and H5N1 used in the experiment are the first influenza subtype, while the other two viruses H3N2 and h7n9 belong to the second category The current influenza vaccine must contain virus components from these two subtypes in order to trigger matching antibodies A single vaccine capable of producing strong antibodies against two groups of viruses can provide a wide range of long-term protection against influenza 【3】 PNAs: "low humidity" environment or the culprit of promoting the spread of influenza virus doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902840116 days ago, in a research report published in the international journal PNAs, scientists from Yale University revealed why people are more likely to be infected with influenza in winter and die Researchers found that the culprit is low humidity (low humidity)。 We all know that low temperature and low humidity can promote the spread of influenza virus, but it is not clear what effect the decrease of humidity will have on the immune system of the body against influenza virus infection, researcher Akiko Iwasaki said, we can promote the spread of influenza virus by In this paper, the researchers put all the mice in the same temperature box, but the humidity was divided into low humidity and normal humidity, and then exposed the mice to influenza A virus The researchers found that low humidity can block the immune response of mice in three ways, which can inhibit the ability of cilia to remove virus particles and mucus Cilia are hair like structures in respiratory tract cells At the same time, low humidity can also reduce the ability of tracheal cells to repair the damage caused by virus, while the third way mainly involves interferon or the release of virus infected cells In low humidity environment, the innate immune defense system will lose its function Researchers Iwasaki pointed out that we have revealed why influenza viruses are more likely to spread in dry air When humidity drops, the incidence and mortality of influenza will increase If the results in mice are also applicable to humans, the researchers may be able to elucidate the potential mechanism of seasonal influenza The researchers stressed that humidity is not only the only factor in the outbreak of influenza, but also an important factor that should be taken into account in winter Using humidifiers in the home, school, work environment and even hospital environment can increase the water vapor in the air or effectively reduce the infection risk and transmission rate of influenza 【4】 Science: small molecule jnj4796 is expected to inhibit multiple influenza viruses doi: 10.1126/science.aar6221 In a new study, researchers from the Netherlands, the United States and Belgium found a small molecule that mimics the behavior of broadly neutralizing antibodies In this paper, they describe their work on the molecule and its role in the fight against influenza in mice Photo source: at present, science, the mechanism of influenza vaccine is to stimulate the immune system and remind it that it needs to produce antibodies faster than the body, which makes the body almost immediately start to resist infection and prevent the infection from becoming serious But most people know that the vaccine contains only a certain number of killed influenza viruses, which means that those vaccinated are still at risk of infection with other influenza virus variants Previous studies have shown that general anti influenza antibodies can only target one influenza virus variant However, recent studies have shown that there are other types of antibodies which can target more than one influenza virus variant, so they are called broad neutralizing antibodies So far, the research work of constructing the vaccine that triggers the production of these antibodies has not been very successful However, they lead to the production of proteins that bind to influenza viruses in a similar way In the new study, the researchers found a small molecule that mimics the behavior of such proteins, but it has the advantage of being able to live long enough in the body to find the flu virus and stop it To find the molecule, the researchers first used a protein called hb80.4, which has been proven to bind to influenza viruses, and their close study revealed its binding mechanism They used this information to screen more than half a million small molecules, aiming to find a small molecule that can bind to influenza virus in the same way Finally, they found a small molecule called jnj4796 The researchers tested the molecule by giving it to mice infected with large doses of influenza virus in the form of tablets They reported that none of the mice in the test group died, while half of the mice in the control group died They also reported that the molecule was able to neutralize influenza viruses in human bronchial cells 【5】 Nature: MHC-II protein mediates the cross species infection of bat influenza A virus doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0955-3 In a new study, researchers from the University of Zurich, Switzerland and the University of Freiburg, Germany and other research institutions, through the analysis of the transcriptome of susceptible cells and non susceptible cells, combined with the whole genome crispr-cas9 screening, found that as MHC-II (major histocompatibility complex type II) molecules, HLA-DR is an important determinant of bat hav invasion The related research results were published in the Nature journal, and the title of the paper was "MHC class II proteins intermediate cross species entry of bat influenza viruses" The elimination of HLA-DR α chain by gene means makes cells resistant to bat HAV infection However, the ectopic expression of HLA-DR in non susceptible cells makes them susceptible to bat HAV infection Expression of MHC-II from bat species, pigs, mice or chickens also confers susceptibility to bat HAV infection It is worth noting that mice infected with bat hav cause strong viral replication in the upper respiratory tract, while mice lacking MHC-II are resistant to this infection In conclusion, these data confirm that MHC-II is the key regulatory factor for bat hav to invade many species, which makes bat hav have a wide range of vertebrate trends 【6】 Nat commun: scientists have successfully used multiple streams of data and artificial intelligence technology to predict the outbreak and spread of influenza doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08082-0 Influenza is highly infectious, and it will spread rapidly as people move around, which makes tracking and predicting the spread of influenza a big challenge for scientists; CDC in the United States will monitor the treatment of influenza like disease patients in the United States in real time, which may be about two weeks behind the actual time; recently, an international journal published in nature In the Research Report on communications, scientists from Boston Children's hospital successfully evaluated local influenza activity by combining two prediction methods with machine learning technology (artificial intelligence technology) This new method, known as argonnet, was applied in the flu season from September 2014 to may 2017, which has a higher accuracy than the previously developed method Argo The researchers said that the argonnet method was the most accurate predictor of influenza activity to date, a week before traditional health care reports were released by states in the United States In order to improve the prediction accuracy, the argonnet method developed by the researchers has added a second module, which can take advantage of the spatiotemporal pattern of influenza transmission in neighboring areas At the same time, the method is based on the fact that the presence of influenza in nearby areas may increase
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