Problems in beef cattle production in China and development strategies

Introduction: since the reform and opening up, the meat and cattle industry in China has developed greatly In 1980, China's beef output was only 269000 tons, which increased to 5.1 million tons in 2000, second only to the United States (12.124 million tons) and Brazil (6.05 million tons), becoming the third largest beef producer in the world However, China is a small beef exporter In 2000, China imported 6400 tons of beef, exported 17100 tons, and had a surplus of 10800 tons In the same year, China's beef exports accounted for 0.32% of the output and 0.29% of the world's total exports Although the price of China's beef production factors such as labor force and forage is relatively low, there is a comparative advantage in production cost The price of high-grade beef is 50% - 100% lower than that of imported beef In addition, mad cow disease has not been found in China so far, but the export volume of China's beef is far lower than that of Australia (1.213 million tons, accounting for 20.9% of the world's total export volume), Brazil (625000 tons export) It accounts for 10.8% of the world's total exports, Canada (565000 tons, 9.7% of the world's total exports), India (299000 tons, 5.2% of the world's total exports) and other countries 1 Problems in beef cattle production in China 1.1 low per capita output At present, the world average 1 cow per 4.5 people, including 2.7 in the United States, 1 cow per 2.3 in Canada, 1 cow per 1.1 in Brazil, 1 cow per 0.7 in Australia, 1 cow per 2.9 in France, and 1 cow per 10 in China The world average beef output is 9.74 kg, 42.4 kg in the United States, 34.9 kg in Canada, 31.6 kg in Brazil, 99.4 kg in Australia, 24.6 kg in France Kg, only 4.1kg in China In 1999, the per capita consumption of beef in the United States was 45.3kg, that in Australia was 40.2kg, and that in China was 4.1kg 1.2 many varieties introduced from abroad have become the objects of visit, and the dollar spent is not enough In the past, most of the breeds of beef produced in China were native cattle In recent years, many provincial, municipal, autonomous region and local (city) leaders have brought their own teams and introduced many special beef cattle breeds from abroad by using their finance There are hundreds of them less, and thousands more, with an average of tens of thousands of dollars per head But most of them are used for leading "image project", only for visiting, and few are really used for variety improvement Some of them have been introduced for 5-6 years, but have not been used and aged; some of them have been crossbred for one generation, but the characteristics of the improved varieties have not been consolidated, so they are sold as shelf cattle for fattening Due to the slow progress of crossbreeding, the production performance of beef cattle in China is still very low At present, China's beef cattle marketing rate is only 19.11%, which is not only lower than that of the United States (36.78%), the Netherlands (49.15%), Italy (75.35%), Japan (30.57%), South Korea (27.67%) and other developed countries, but also lower than the world average (20.11%) The carcass weight of beef cattle in China is 200 kg, which is lower than that in the United States (311 kg), the Netherlands (253 kg), Italy (246 kg), Japan (394 kg) and South Korea (258 kg) In China, the average meat production per cattle is only 38 kg, in the United States 114 kg, in the Netherlands 124 kg, in Italy 157 kg, in Japan 120 kg and in South Korea 71 kg 1.3 the commercialization of veterinary law enforcement and the absence of quarantine belong to the administrative leaders at all levels In order to avoid the economic losses caused by the discovery of the epidemic situation, some places adopt the attitude of not reporting, making matters smaller and making matters smaller Many inspectors in animal health and quarantine offices (stations) regard the inspection of meat and its products as a kind of trading behavior, that is, as long as they pay money and do not ask whether they are qualified, they still seal and release Due to lax law enforcement, the epidemic is serious in China According to incomplete statistics, since the 1980s, there have been 34 kinds of new or imported diseases in China At present, the mortality rate of livestock and poultry is relatively high in China The mortality rate of pigs, poultry, cattle and sheep is 8% - 12%, 20%, 5% and 7% - 9% respectively The economic loss caused by disease death is over 100 billion yuan every year Animal infectious diseases have seriously affected the entry of Chinese meat and its products into the international market For example, China's animals and their products entered the market of Japan and Singapore, and many negotiations ended because of the disease 1.4 the service system has been damaged, and farmers have no support for cattle raising More than 30000 Township animal husbandry and veterinary stations have been built through many years of efforts In recent years, most of them have been shut down, stopped, merged and transferred due to county and township financial difficulties, forming a situation of broken networks, broken lines and scattered people It is understood that at present, Anhui, Shandong, Henan and other provincial governments have issued the policy of decoupling the township finance from the animal husbandry and veterinary station Some Township animal husbandry and veterinary technicians have changed their ways to make a living because their lives are not guaranteed and their hearts are not stable, seriously weakening the service system construction of the grass-roots animal husbandry and veterinary station 1.5 the slaughtering and processing industry is in disorder and the deep processing of beef is blocked In recent years, there have been more than 100 modern beef slaughterhouses in China In addition, a large number of specialized beef slaughterhouses and villages have emerged It is estimated that there are 100 slaughtering villages in Hebei Province, 80 in Shandong Province, 30 in Anhui Province and 8 in Henan Province where more than 5000 beef cattle are slaughtered annually In addition, there are a number of nationally famous beef cattle slaughtering villages and villages, such as Mazhuang Township in Henan Province, Shiguan town in Anhui Province, Beiwu village in Hebei Province, and liumiao village in Shandong Province, with annual slaughtering volume reaching 250000, 150000, 120000 and 60000 respectively The current situation: first, the slaughter processing capacity is surplus Due to the gradual decrease of beef export and the competition of many individual slaughterers for cattle, most mechanized slaughtering enterprises have been shut down or semi shut down The second is disorder There is no unified classification standard for beef in China Some lawbreakers took the opportunity to inject water into the beef For example, Jixian County in Tianjin sells more than 8000 tons of beef to Beijing every year, of which more than 1000 tons are the sewage injected into the meat Third, the deep processing of beef is blocked Most individual slaughterers and slaughterhouses do not have refrigeration equipment They usually slaughter in the morning and sell on the same day Therefore, the vast majority of beef is consumed after primary processing It is estimated that China's processed meat products account for only 3% - 4% of the total meat output, far below the level of developed countries (80%) Because of the above problems, when European beef production was "encircled" by BSE and the sales of beef and cattle products in the world were severely damaged, China's beef failed to fill this huge market 2 Countermeasures to seize the opportunity of beef export in China 2.1 implement the enterprise management of breeding stock farm (including frozen semen station and embryo transfer station), accelerate the pace of beef cattle breed improvement Shandong Caoxian Zhongda Group Co., Ltd is a private enterprise with a total assets of more than 50 million yuan In 1997, it introduced the beef cattle embryos of Galloway, Limousin and ximental special lineage from Canada, cultivated 145 special grade and 8 first grade beef cattle, and completed the project Beef cattle breeding center with annual production capacity of 1 million frozen semen and 1000 embryos Through the establishment of breeding stations (points) in combination with surrounding villages, and the construction of high-quality beef cattle breeding base, it has received less investment, quick effect and high efficiency The company's experience has proved that the separation of government and enterprise in the management of breeding farms is conducive to overcoming the shortcomings of leaders' image engineering and formalism 2.2 the vertical management system of animal epidemic prevention shall be implemented All animal epidemic prevention stations (institutes) at all levels shall not be bound by local administration, and the fees shall be directly handed over to the central finance We should strengthen the education of law enforcement discipline in the epidemic prevention team, seriously investigate and punish the behavior of bending the law for personal gain, and transfer unqualified personnel from the epidemic prevention team 2.3 to strengthen the prevention and control of epidemic diseases, we should strengthen the construction of epidemic prevention system, establish and improve the legal system, establish and improve the technical system of epidemic monitoring, stabilize and strengthen the construction of prevention and inspection teams at the grass-roots level of livestock and poultry epidemic diseases, increase capital investment, and strive to control the spread of major epidemic diseases within 3-5 years, completely eradicate foot-and-mouth disease, and keep mad cow disease out of the country 2.4 establish a pollution-free beef export reserve and expand the export market At present, only 10 disease-free areas have been established in China, with a national investment of 240 million yuan In the future, closed and pollution-free beef production reserves should be established in several beef production zones, and the hygienic quality standards of beef production, processing and trade should be in line with international standards The state should give strong support in human, material and financial resources 2.5 establish and improve the grass-roots animal husbandry and veterinary service system, and restore the Township animal husbandry and veterinary stations that have been shut down and transferred simultaneously It is suggested that the Ministry of agriculture should examine and approve the units with difficult operating funds, and the Ministry of finance should allocate special funds to support them This part of funds is directly distributed to the Township animal husbandry and veterinary station, not through the county and township level finance 2.6 rectifying meat slaughtering and processing enterprises In view of the fact that there are no regulations on beef cattle slaughtering in China at present, it is suggested that the existing beef cattle slaughtering and processing enterprises should be rectified by referring to the "Regulations on pig slaughtering and management" issued by the State Council in 1997 Enterprises that do not conform to the provisions of the regulations shall be corrected within a time limit until they are banned It is strictly prohibited to sell meat that has not passed the inspection of the health and quarantine department and to sell water injected meat At the same time, beef grading research should be carried out to gradually establish a unified national grading standard 2.7 the four local breeds of Qinchuan cattle, Nanyang cattle, Jinnan cattle and Luxi cattle, which are famous international brands of beef cattle in China, have the characteristics of good meat quality and good taste, and are welcomed by more and more foreign customers The current problems are variety degradation, low production performance and low international popularity In the future, it is necessary to select foreign excellent beef cattle varieties for crossbreeding improvement, strengthen external publicity and establish national brands 2.8 to carry out agricultural diplomacy, it is suggested that the Ministry of foreign affairs, together with the Ministry of agriculture and the Ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation, should create conditions for expanding China's beef export through diplomatic channels in view of the current good opportunity for China's beef export It can be divided into three circles: first, occupy the beef market of surrounding countries, then expand exports to Asian and African countries, and finally realize exports to developed countries in Europe, America and Japan 2.9 the responsibility of establishing beef cattle Economic Association is to communicate information, carry out academic exchange, research and develop beef standards, strengthen industry self-discipline, provide technical services to members, reflect the requirements of production processors to the government, etc (author:) share to feed Weibo share to: