Opportunities and Countermeasures of China's pig industry in the new century

Introduction: 1 China is the world's largest pig raising country with brilliant history In the five thousand years of civilization, Chinese pig breeds have twice led the new trend of international pig breeds The first time began in the Qin and Han Dynasties and lasted in the Tang Dynasty The early maturing and fattening Chinese pig breeds were highly cultivated and imported into the Mediterranean coast The late maturing primitive pig breeds in ancient Rome were improved, and the European napolitans with good meat performance began to exist The second time was during the industrial revolution of the 19th century The early maturing, full-bodied, delicate, fat and tender southern China ' The foundation Chinese pig breeds have made indelible historical contributions to the formation and development of international pig breeds One of the cultural heritages left by ancient Chinese pig culture is dozens of local pig breeds, which are hard to buy The late Professor Zhang Zhongge predicted that China's pig breeds will go to the world for the third time in the 21st century, and reappear the extensive and profound Chinese pig culture 2 In recent 50 years, the development of domestic consumption concept (from eating fat meat to eating lean meat), pig raising purpose (from pig manure to pig money), pig raising mode (towards scale industrialization) has changed with each passing day, and the variety situation has changed accordingly In the fifties and sixties, Su Bai and Ba Xia were introduced into China in large quantities In the eighties and nineties, Duroc, Changbai and Dabai became the main varieties of large-scale pig industry The economic characteristics of local pig breeds in China, such as lean meat ratio, lean meat yield, feed weight ratio and daily gain, are far inferior to those of foreign popular pig breeds So the local pig was gradually replaced by the soil binary, the soil ternary and the foreign ternary The number of pure local pigs is decreasing, and some of them are on the verge of extinction The reason for this kind of structural disorder is that the current way of pig purchase in China is to pay pig farmers according to the output of lean meat rather than the quality of lean meat This kind of products are not classified into different grades and the marketing mechanism is not perfect, which leads to the misunderstanding that the price of lean meat cuts in China cannot be determined by quality (or variety) The serious consequence is that the feeding quantity of local pigs and their hybrids has declined dramatically, and the quality of pork in the market has declined year by year Chinese people sigh that they can no longer eat authentic braised pork today Although the local pigs produced by the existing breeding farms have the advantages of prolificacy, resistance to adversity, meat flavor, etc., it is difficult to find a reasonable price and market in the current immature pig market economy In addition, the funds for breeding are limited, so it is difficult to balance the income and expenditure Local pig breeds in China are facing a severe situation of poverty Will local pig breeds in China be completely extinct? There is a lesson from the past In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu's family banned pigs for more than 200 years and never killed the Chinese pig breeds How many foreign pig breeds can be completely replaced? The key question is what is the future of local pig breeds in China? 3 The new opportunities of WTO are not unique While China's pig breeds are in confusion, the Western pig breeds, with their high lean meat rate, high daily gain and low feed to weight ratio, have been popular in the world for decades, and then go to the opposite direction, falling into the misunderstanding of poor meat quality Western pig farmers began to re understand the importance of meat quality, and increased seed selection and introduction of foreign blood in water, meat color, tenderness, flavor and intramuscular fat The above meat quality traits are the urgent target of the western popular pig breeds to be improved, which is also the strong point of the existing gene pool of Chinese pig breeds There is a strong contrast and complementary advantage between the high quality and low yield of lean meat of Chinese pig breeds and that of Western pig breeds After the entry of WTO, both sides should strengthen their own breeding and introduce each other's blood to produce high-quality and High-yield Hybrid Pigs to compete in the international market Any kind of pig is the result of natural selection and artificial selection under specific historical conditions, which has its own value Throughout the history of the rise and fall of pig breeds in the world, whenever the quality of pork fails to meet the consumers' intention, the negation of the negation of pork market will cause the metabolism of pig breeds In the 19th century, the rise of beige, Xiaobai and barkha was the demand of European market for fat, tender and luxury carcasses to deny thick, old and thin carcasses In the past 50 years, lean meat pigs such as big white and long white have become the main popular varieties, which is the international market demand of lean meat denying fat meat In the new century, the rise of Chinese pig breeds is the need of international market for high-grade lean meat to deny low-grade lean meat It has become the international strategic theme of modern pig farms to make full use of the existing pig germplasm resources in the world, to organize the original gene bank of hybrid mating lines according to the feeding conditions of their own farms, and to create the best brand Hybrid Pigs to fight for the market in the new century The historical opportunity for Chinese pig breeds to become popular again in the world is in the 21st century It is true that after China's accession to the WTO, it is difficult for Europe and the United States to popularize pork at home due to its high price, and China's pork cannot enter New York and Paris at once due to the health and safety level restrictions There is still a time gap between China's pig market and the world's pig market The precious time at the beginning of this century allows the domestic farmers to sort out the existing local pig breeding population, measure the complete meat quality parameters, and gradually thin the backfat to meet the market demand in the new century There is no doubt about the possibility that local pigs should be thin World famous brands such as Duroc, Bozhong, Hampshire and barkha are all examples of choosing lean meat type from fat type From the negative aspect of the history of pig breeds in the world, the pattern of pig breeds changes in the years of drought and flood The proportion of delicate Royal varieties decreased sharply, while the proportion of coarse varieties increased Most pig breeds in China have a history of rough tolerance and disaster resistance Starting from the Centennial strategy of global pig breeding in the new century, with the double insurance base card of Chinese pig breeds in hand, we can attack the meat quality in advance and survive the barren years in retreat The strategic importance of Chinese pig breeds in the new century is bound to bring new opportunities to Chinese pig breeds 4 The trend of China's pig breeds towards the international market after China's accession to the WTO in the new century has become a foregone conclusion In order to keep up with the international standards, the first thing is to keep the original pig breeds In the planned economy, only a few of the most famous varieties such as Taihu Lake and Rongchang can be considered in the national designated conservation projects How to maintain and develop dozens of local pig breeds in China? At present, many large pig farms in the world have many gene pools of small pig populations (including Chinese pig breeds) when they are mainly engaged in one pig species or matching combinations, so as to maintain the structural flexibility of breeds This kind of tactics is worthy of foreign use At present, there are 585 breeding farms in China (besides thousands of large-scale producers) If fully mobilized, 12 breeding farms can be spread to protect one local pig As long as 16 local pigs (8 males and 8 females) are raised in each breeding farm, the effective population content of 192 (12 × 16) pigs can reach the standard of 200 effective population and seed conservation which is close to the statistical genetics The economic advantages and disadvantages of raising 16 additional pigs of this kind are accounted for Eight pairs of local pigs were bred at the age of 5 months and 9 months About 56 offspring could be obtained from the first birth 16 offspring (8 males and 8 females) were selected from 56 offspring (if the inbreeding increment of each generation of random mating group was only 0.03), and 40 local pigs were eliminated for castration and fattening If it is South China type, it can be used as early listing profit of roasted suckling pig Other types of pigs can be fattened to medium or large pigs (probably with a higher feed to weight ratio and a slightly higher feed cost), but the only 40 authentic local pork are rare in meat and must be sold After the carcass has been tested for meat quality and put on record, it is the right way for the employees to solve the problem of meat, or pickled bacon is used to tackle key problems and create the brand effect of the market, which is the lowest cost soft advertisement Every year, if the 8 eliminated boars are castrated after mating at the age of 5 months, they can form fat pigs or not At this time, the local boars are full of libido, courting all day without thinking about diet It is a kind of testing boar that saves materials and is capable, which is used to discover and stimulate the oestrus of sows, improve the reproductive performance and is also an economic benefit The 8 sows eliminated every year can be resold to the producers and the terminal male line with high lean meat rate can be selected to produce binary hybrid to meet the appetite of local residents near the domestic pig farm This binary crossing is also a kind of fire reconnaissance, which can find out the cooperation between the local pig and the parents of the hybrid parent, and find out the details for the future batch development Using the above method to save 12 conventional breeding farms of the same local breed and adjust the file of boar, we can use BLUP technology to select the existing fat type local pig breeds into the ones with thinner back fat after several generations, but still keep good meat quality It's like carrying a torpedo boat on a cruiser to bring a small gene bank (8 male and 8 female) of one or several local pig breeds in a large pig farm This kind of strategy enables the farmers to master more hybrid parents as the base card of gene pool, and then assemble and select new pig products according to the market trend to cope with the fierce and changeable future market At the same time, the above tactics can divide the project of pig breeding in a certain place into parts, and then hide pigs for the people, raise pigs for the people and benefit the people, thus resolving the contradiction of insufficient funds for pig breeding 5 Development direction: Chinese pig breeds are expected to meet the trend of the new century in the following aspects of development and win trust in the international market with high quality and high price 5.1 high quality pig breeds grow well in the production of high-grade lean cuts Its flesh is exquisitely red and agate like; it has strong water conservancy and smooth meat surface; its marble grain is even and delicate as the first bloom of frost flower; its muscle is rich in fat and juicy; its fresh precursor is complete in material and mellow in flavor Most of the pig breeds in China belong to this category, which can be developed into synthetic lines to produce high-quality commercial pigs 5.2 the prolific pig breeds such as Taihu Pig have the characteristics of reproductive performance, early sexual maturity, easy conception, more litter, more effective nipples, and strong maternity This type can be used to develop a mother in a specialized or synthetic line 5.3 early maturing pig species such as South China small ear pig have unique economic early maturing characteristics, which are suitable for developing roast suckling pig or BBQ picnic meat 5.4 the resistant breeds such as Huanghuaihai black pig and the breeds with grazing history This kind of pig has strong hooves and legs, smart movements and developed sense of smell, which is suitable for developing and collecting poisons and catching police pigs 5.5 miniature pig species such as Xiang pig can be used for both barbecue and medicine 5.6 pet pig species, such as Guiwei pig, etc This kind of pig is gentle and easy to adjust After training, it can accompany the owner for a walk or watch TV In addition, people who have artistic value in form and face (such as lion head) are more favored Once this kind of pig is developed into the market, its price is extraordinary 5.7 domestic wild boar and its hybrid progeny with local domestic pig breeds are good at haunting in bushes or caves, which can be developed into one of the main prey in artificial hunting grounds, forming tourism and leisure industry The biggest and most promising of the above seven categories is the high-quality pig breed, because the new century needs high-quality meat, which is still the same as the second brilliant in history In the new century, the advertisements for pig breeding will increase the meat quality (of compatriots or descendants) and be different from the current advertisements that focus on growth and fattening performance In the new century, the managers of pig farms should have a good sense of advance, a sense of competition and the ability of online information, and be able to organize the construction of a small gene bank focusing on meat quality decisively As for the specific number of male and female pigs to be selected, senior experts can be invited to make suggestions according to the specific conditions of the pig farm