October 23, 2020 Science Journal Essence

October 31, 2020 // --- This week, a new issue of Science (October 23, 2020) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.ScienceDaily: Heavy! New research reshaping our understanding of the gut microbiome doi:10.1126/science.aay7367; doi:10.1126/science.abe7194 The human gut is home to microorganisms that number more than 10 times as many cells as we do.
Now, in a new study, researchers from the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and others have redefined how the so-called gut microbiome works and how our bodies coexist with some of the 100 trillion bacteria that make up the gut microbiome.
the results of the study, published in the October 23, 2020 issue of the journal Science, are titled "Proximal colon-derived O-glycosylated mucus encapsulates and modulates the microbiota."
Using a research model, a team led by Dr. Lijun Xia of the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation found that the gut microbiome controls the production of a particular layer of sugar-rich mucus, which wraps in feces and then moves together.
found that the mucus was not static as previously thought, but acted as a barrier between bacteria in feces and thousands of immune cells in the colon.
if there is no mucus, the whole system will lose its balance.
, "The colon is not only a digestive organ, but also an immune organ."
our gut microbiomes begin to develop from the moment we are born and change through our lives.
it is essential for the growth and maturation of our body's accessive immune system.
when it is not well developed or cared for, it cannot play its due role, leading to disease.
"2. Two Science papers reveal that some cases of severe COVID-19 are related to genetic mutations or attacks on autoantibodies in the human body doi:10.1126/science.abd4570; doi:10.1126/science.abd4585; doi:10.1126/science.abe7591 New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019 and is now raging around the world.
infected with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 may develop symptoms from mild to fatal.
, two new studies suggest that some life-threatening cases can be traced back to weaknesses in the patient's immune system.
at least 3.5 percent of patients with severe COVID-19 have mutations in their antiviral defense genes.
at least 10 percent of seriously ill patients produce "autoantibodies" that attack the immune system rather than fight the virus.
these findings identify some of the root causes of life-threatening COVID-19.
results were published online September 24, 2020 in the journal Science under the titles "Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-risk COVID-19" and "Auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-19".
Study author Jean-Laurent Casanova, a researcher at Rockefeller University in the U.S., said it was a "startling discovery" to observe these harmful antibodies in so many patients (101 out of 987 patients).
papers explain for the first time why COVID-19 is so severe in some people, but not in most other people infected with the same virus.
.3.Science: Computer-designed small proteins are highly effective in suppressing new coronavirus infections doi:10.1126/science.abd9909SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus that causes coviD-19.
a new study, researchers from the University of Washington and the University of Georgia found that computer-designed miniprotein protects lab-cultured human cells from SARS-CoV-2 infections.
results were published online September 9, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "De novo design of picomolar SARS-CoV-2 miniprotein resedors".
, a major antiviral candidate named LB1 was found to be protectively comparable to the most famous SARS-CoV-2 antibody.
LB1 is currently being evaluated in rodents.
4.Science: In a new study, researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill identified for the first time a high-resolution structure in the congenital immune system in which a key DNA-sensing protein called cGAS binds to a nucleosome, where the nucleosome is the most important DNA packaging unit in the nucleus.
study was published online September 10, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Structural basis of nucleosome-dependent cGAS resedion".
This study details how nucleosomes in our cells prevent cGAS from inadvertently triggering the body's innate immune response to our own DNA.
the paper is co-authored by Dr. Qi Zhang, Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Dr. Robert McGinty, Assistant Professor of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Esherman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
5.Science: Researchers from the University of Tokyo, Waseda University and Rockefeller University in the United States analyzed the cryogenic electroscope (cryo-EM) structure of the core particles (cryo-EM) complex of human cGAS-NCP in a new study that reveals the structural basis of nuclear microsome suppression of cGAS activation doi:10.1126/science.abd0237.
in this structure, two cGAS monosomes bridge two nucleosome core particles (NCP) by combining H2A-H2B's acidic pocket (acid patch) and nucleosome DNA.
results were published online September 10, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Structural basis for the resedion of the cGAS by nucleosomes".
in this configuration, all three known cGAS DNA binding points required for cGAS activation are reused or inconn access, and cGAS djuogeneity is suppressed as another prerequisite for cGAS activation.
mutation of the key amino acid residue that connects cGAS to the acidic pockets of H2A-H2B can reduce the inhibition of cGAS activation by the nucleosome.
6.Science: Microbial Selection Drive Adaptation doi:10.1126/science.abb7222 Many legume plants have a host-symbic relationship with nitrogen fixation or root tumor bacteria, which is beneficial to both plants and microorganisms.
Batstone et al. evolved the association between five legume plant additions and different bacterial isolates through experiments.
not observed the host's choice of bacterial association (host selection), but rather the mutations that accumulate within the bacterial protons, increasing the intensity of this interaction.
, local and recent associations between bacterial strains and plant genotypes are due to the choice of bacterial adaptability.
7.Science: Social Selective Doi: 10.1126/science.aaz9129; doi:10.1126/science.abe9110 As we age, we prioritize the positive friendships that have been established over the new but risky social activities that we have built up in our youth.
speculate that this shift may have begun with our own sense of death.
and others analyzed a rare long-term data set on social bonds between male chimpanzees and found that they were very similar in their focus on old and positive friendships.
While there is evidence that non-human animals have a certain sense of time, they seem unlikely to have the same sense of impending death as we do, so these results suggest that there may be a different, deeper mechanism at work.
8.Science: Exploring the origin of pituitary pituitary vertebrates Doi:10.1126/science.aba4767 substrate (placode) is a specialization of the outer embryo layer of the head and is thought to be the source of many new vertebrate organisms, including the hormone secretion portion of the nose, crystal, ear and pituitary gland.
, however, there are pituitary-like structures in spinal cords of invertebrates that do not come from the endosperm layer, suggesting that pituitaries may appear earlier than the placenta.
Fabian et al. conducted genealogy tracking, time-shift imaging, and single-cell messenger RNA sequencing, showing that both endosperm and outer embryo cells were able to produce hormone secretion cells in zebrafish pituitary cells.
these experiments support the interaction of vertebrate pituitaries through the interaction of the ancestor's endosperm progenitor pituitary with the newly evolved substrate outer blastocyst.
9.Science: Explore the development of motor neuron circuits in zebrafish spinal cords doi:10.1126/science.abb4608 Motor neuron circuits in zebrafish spinal cords that support rapid escape and leisurely swimming responses.
and others now track the development of inhibitory intermediate neurons when these circuits are assembled in fish.
than intermediate neurons produced in late development, intermediate neurons produced in the early stages of development drive different types of circuits and form synapses in different motor neuron subcellular parts.
, fast escapes and slower swimming are supported by the same cellular components assembled in different ways.
the authors argue that the development process follows an opportunistic rule that intermediate neuron synapses are available to them at that point in the development process.
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