October 16, 2020 Science Journal Essence

October 21, 2020 // --- This week, a new issue of Science (October 16, 2020) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.Science: During development, the top stress fiber not only helps maintain the cell's shape, but also regulates the size of the cell doi:10.1126/science.abb2169 During the development of the organism, mechanical forces put pressure on the cell, and scientists have long wondered how the cell maintains its shape in the process to maintain health.
Now, in a new study, researchers from the Currie Institute in France, the University of Sorbonna and the University of Michigan in the United States have for the first time observed cells using tiny fibers called top stress fibers to help cells maintain their shape during development.
, the new study shows that these stress fibers help cells understand their size and help trigger when cells should divide.
study was published in the October 16, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the title "Apical stress fibers enable a scaling between cell mechanical response and area in the epielial tissue."
the researchers studied the skin cells in the back or lower back of the fruit fly.
cells are the cells that make up the surface area of the body.
they found that as fruit flies develop, the growing body pulls cells in the lower back area of the fruit flies, which, when applied, produce stress fibers to help them maintain their shape.
, you have an egg, and you need to make it a fruit fly," said Dr. David Lubensky, a professor of physics at the University of Michigan and co-author of the paper.
in the process, you have to push different organizations to the right place.
its shape has changed dramatically, and changing its shape and putting things in the right place requires exerting mechanical force on it.
these stress fibers are vaguely like steel bars in concrete, but more like jelly inside cells.
but the idea is the same: these linear fibers are good at resisting stress, which strengthens resistance to stretching.
"2.Science: When the squeeze is felt, the nuclei guide the cells away from the crowded space doi:10.1126/science.aba2644; doi:10.1126/science.abe3881 The threat of severe deformation triggers a rapid escape reflex that causes the cells to move away from the confined space or crowded tissue.
In a new study, researchers from the Barcelona Institute of Technology, the University of Pompe fabra and the University of Applied Sciences in Upper Austria revealed that squeezing cells to the point where their nuclei begin to stretch triggers the activation of motor proteins, which in turn alters the cell's cytostebrae, allowing it to escape crowded environments.
study was published in the October 16, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "The nucleus measures shape changes for cellular proprio to control dynamic cell behavior."
each cell has a nucleocle, and each nucleocle has a membrane that separates the chromosome from the rest of the cell.
at rest, the nucleofilm is loose, like a loose shopping bag.
Now, in this new study, the researchers found that when the nucleofilm is squeezed, the folds on its surface iron themselves, triggering a chain of events that alter the cytostructum and ultimately help cells escape the crowded environment. "Our study represents a conceptual change: the nuclei themselves are not just a static container of genetic material, but a dynamic sensor that cells can use to perceive their surroundings," said Valeria Venturini, lead author of the
paper and a doctoral student at the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology.
the intensity of the nuclear extrusive cell can predict the intensity of the reaction, which provides new revelations about this 'fight or flight' reflex at the single-cell level.
ability to understand this perceived deformation, measure it, and respond accordingly may be important for understanding processes such as cancer growth and steady state.
"3.Science: The nuclei are like a ruler that adjusts the cell's response to crowded spaces: 10.1126/science.aba2894; Doi:10.1126/science.abe3881 In a new study, researchers from Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Russia and the United States built artificial micro-environments to simulate what tumor cells and immune cells experience in crowded tissues in order to test the hypothesis that cells have the ability to detect and respond to changes in their shape caused by the environment.
combined with dynamic limits, force measurements, and live cell imaging, they were able to quantify how cells reacted when their shape was physically disturbed by precise control.
the results of the study, published in the October 16, 2020 issue of The Nucleus acts as a ruler tailoring cell responses to spatial constraints.
the researchers' findings show that while cells are surprisingly resistant to compression, when they deform at a certain height, they monitor their shape and produce a positive contraction response.
notable, they found that this was achieved by cells monitoring the deformation of --- cell nucleosis --- largest internal chamber.
determined that the nucleocle provides a way for cells to accurately measure how deformed they are.
once the cell squeezes beyond the size of the nucleosis, this causes the bounding nuclear envelope to expand and stretch.
when the nucleus reaches a fully expanded state, the contraction reaction begins.
the mechanical state of the nucleofilm and its membranes allows calcium to be released from internal membrane storage and activates calcium-dependent phospholipase cPLA2.
known to function as a molecular sensor for nuclear membrane stress, and is also a key regulatory factor for signal transduction and metabolism.
-activated cPLA2 catalyses the formation of an omega-6 fatty acid called peanut tyrene acid, which, among other processes, enhances the activity of adenosine triphosphate in myoglobin II.
this induces the contraction of the actomyosin cortex, generating thrust to resist physical extrusion and rapidly pushing cells out of the crowded micro-environment in which it is located in the "escape from reflection" mechanism.
4.Science: Subverting the Norm! Cells use lipid droplets to protect against viral and bacterial infection mechanisms doi:10.1126/science.aay8085; Doi:10.1126/science.abe7891 In a new study, researchers from several Research Institutes in Spain describe a new mechanism of immune defense.
this mechanism is coordinated by cells that attract and remove --- pathogens, lipid droplets --- completely.
study was published in the October 16, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the title "The Language lipid droplets are innate immune hubs integrating cell cell metabolism and host".
lipid droplets are the cysts that accumulate nutrients in our cells that provide the necessary energy for cell function in the form of fat.
, for example, provide energy for the beating of the heart, the metabolic function of the liver, or the movement of the muscles.
, co-author of the paper, said: "Fat droplets are like the storage room of our cells, where we accumulate the food we need to use later.
this occurs in all my nucleic cells, from yeast or insects to plants or mammals.
when viruses or bacteria infect host cells, they need a lot of nutrients to multiply and get them to fat droplets," he said.
In the new study, the researchers found that in response to infection, fat droplets assemble antibiotics and antiviral proteins together to form compounds in which antibiotics and antiviral proteins work together to fight pathogens and destroy them.
is a mechanism that works in all cells in the body, not just immune system cells such as macrophages.
also been observed in insects, demonstrating its importance in the evolution of our innology immunity.
5.ScienceDaily: What's New! Gut microorganisms may affect the body's metabolic processes! doi:10.1126/science.abd6176 The 10 trillion bacteria that live in our digestive system may not be human, but they seem to be as integral to our body as the heart or liver of the body, and in recent years a growing number of studies have reported that gut microorganisms directly affect biological processes from intestinal movements to body behavior; In a study in Science, scientists from Rockefeller University and others revealed the molecular mechanisms by which gut microbes shape the body's metabolism, identifying a particular type of intestinal neuron that controls the body's blood sugar levels and affects the body's appetite. 'We all know that gut microbes produce special metabolites that can simulate neurotransmitters and are detected by neuron cells in the gut,' said
researcher Dr. Paul Muller.
The gut is surrounded by neurons, which in themselves can be seen as a nervous system, and the gut is often referred to by researchers as the body's second brain because of its complexity, and these neurons help the body digest and move by looking at a variety of molecular cues, most of which are thought to come from our daily diet or gut microbes.
6. Two Scientific papers successfully designed developmental signals, which are expected to indicate the direction of regenerative medicine doi:10.1126/science.abc0033; doi:10.1126/science.abb8205; doi:10.1126/science.abe4217 One way cells in developing organisms track where they are and what they should do is through a class of chemical signals called morphogen.
these signals are produced by so-called organizer cells and spread outwards through local tissue.
as these signals spread, their concentrations gradually decrease, telling local cells exactly how far away they are from the source.
With multiple organizer cells producing different formings in large numbers at key locations in growing organisms, cells can build a three-dimensional spatial map to guide them to develop into complex tissues, just like cell GPS coordinate systems.
scientists are still trying to understand how the signals of forming proteins spread at the right distance and how cells are calibrated to react to the right concentrations of formings at the right time.
these problems are difficult to study because natural formings interact with the environment in many complex and difficult-to-define ways.
The team of Dr. Wendell Lim, dean of the Department of Molecular and Cell Pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco, and the Guillaume Salbreux and Jean-Paul Vincent research teams at the Francis Crick Institute in the United Kingdom independently used an innovative approach to designing synthetic formings from scratch, rather than dissophing them one at a time.
their goal is to study what makes forming factors work, and perhaps one day build synthetic signals to help control tissue regeneration or guide therapeutic cells to heal wounds or fight cancer.
results were published in the October 16, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the titles "Synthetic Engineering Morphogen systems that can program multicellular patterning" and "Patterning and growth control in vivo by an engineeringed GFP gradient".
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