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Scientists have analyzed the complete genetic blueprint of more than 18,000 cancer samples, uncovering new mutational patterns that could help doctors deliver better, more personalized treatments
Their study, published Thursday in the journal Science, isn't the first comprehensive "genome-wide" analysis of cancer samples
"It's the largest group in the world
More than 12,200 surgical samples were drawn from patients recruited by the NHS as part of a project to study the whole genomes of patients with common cancers and rare diseases
The researchers were able to analyze such a large amount of data because advances in genetic sequencing — more powerful and precise machines — recently allowed scientists to finally decode the entire human genome
"We can really start to tease out the basis of some kind of erosive force that somehow causes cancer," said Andrew Futreal, a genomic medicine specialist at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.
Cancer is a disease of the genome, or the full set of instructions that cells run, and occurs when a person's DNA changes that cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably
In the study, the researchers looked at 19 different types -- breast, colorectal, prostate, brain and other cancers -- and found 58 new clues, called "mutations" characteristics" that contribute to the development of the disease
Some are caused by problems with human cells; others are caused by environmental exposures such as UV radiation, tobacco smoke or chemicals
Knowing more of these genes "helps us get a more accurate picture of everyone's cancer," which could help guide treatment, Nick-Zanner said
As part of a growing trend towards personalized medicine, genetic sequencing has been incorporated into cancer treatment, i.
To help doctors use this information, the researchers developed a computer algorithm that allows them to find common mutational patterns and pick out rare ones
The data could also show doctors what happens over time when a patient develops cancer with a specific mutational pattern, Futreal said, helping them intervene early and hopefully stop the disease from progressing
