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Click on the blue letters to follow us Langley first coined the term "autonomic nervous system" (ANS) in 1897 to describe the nerve fibers that innervate tissues other than skeletal muscle
.
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is the main component of the ANS and regulates the "rest and digestion" response
.
Vagus nerve motor neurons derived from the dorsal motor nucleus (DMV) of the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic motor input for the gastrointestinal system such as the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, as well as the gallbladder and pancreas
.
These DMV neurons and enteric neurons regulate various digestive processes, including gastric contraction, relaxation and acid secretion, pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretions, gallbladder contraction and bowel movement
.
The One to All model can explain the coordinated interaction of DMV neurons to regulate the "rest and digest" response
.
Although most DMV neurons release the same neurotransmitter acetylcholine, DMV neurons exert different—and sometimes opposite—effects by participating in different groups of enteric neurons
.
Obviously, the One to All model is not applicable anymore! In July 2021, the Bradford B.
Lowell research team of Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center revealed from the genetic level the specific neurons that selectively innervate the gastric body in the DMV region, and discovered the relationship between the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the gastrointestinal system.
The “labeled line” model in time: Different DMV neuron subtypes control different digestive processes by targeting different enteric neuron subtypes
.
The experimental procedure for identifying neuronal subtypes in the DMV region.
Researchers used the Chat-cre (cholinergic, cholinergic) tool mouse combined with the cre virus strategy to specifically label the neurons in the DMV region and perform single-cell sequencing
.
Through cluster analysis, it was found that there are 8 types of neurons with specific molecular markers in this area, namely: Grp, Gm4881, Atf3, Nppb, Trpv1, CCK, PYDN labeled neurons, one of which is called hypoglossal choline Nerve neurons, from cholinergic neurons in the adjacent hypoglossal nucleus
.
The distribution of CCK and PYDN positive neuron groups in DMV brain regions.
They took the CCK and PYDN gene neuron groups as the research target to detect whether these subtype neuron groups innervated different areas and exert different functions
.
In situ hybridization experiments found that most CCK-positive neurons are located in the rostral and middle parts of the DMV area, while most PYDN-positive neurons are located in the caudal and middle parts of the DMV area
.
Previous studies have shown that DMV neurons in the beak drive gastric contraction, and DMV neurons in the tail regulate gastric relaxation
.
The stomach of rodents is divided into two areas: the non-glandular stomach or the front stomach, which serves as a storage for food content, which has a non-secretory squamous epithelium similar to the esophagus; the glandular stomach, also known as the antrum, is useful The thick muscle wall used to mix food contents and the columnar glandular epithelium used to secrete acid, protein and hormones
.
Through virus tracing technology, it was found that cholinergic neurons in the DMV region innervated the two regions of the stomach
.
The neurons expressing CCK and PYDN only innervate the glandular stomach, not the pancreas and gallbladder
.
Enteric neurons in the stomach release nitric oxide for gastric relaxation or acetylcholine for gastric contraction and acid secretion
.
Enteric neurons in the stomach are cholinergic or nitric oxide neurons (release nitric oxide)
.
Cck+ DMV neurons selectively form nerve fibers around cholinergic enteric neurons, almost completely avoiding nitric oxide enteric neurons; while PYDN+ DMV neurons selectively form nerve fibers around nitric oxide enteric neurons, Almost completely avoid cholinergic enteric neurons
.
This indicates that independent and different subtypes of DMV neurons control different digestive functions by using uniquely functional enteric neurons
.
In summary, this article uses single-cell transcriptomics to determine seven different subtypes of DMV neurons and the genetic markers of each subtype
.
Two subtypes of DMV neurons, Cck+ and Pdyn+ innervate the same area of the digestive system, but form nerve fiber structures around different enteric neurons
.
[References] 1.
Tao et al.
, Highly selective brain-to-gut communication via genetically defined vagus neurons, Neuron (2021), https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2021.
05.
004 The pictures in the text are all From reference
.
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is the main component of the ANS and regulates the "rest and digestion" response
.
Vagus nerve motor neurons derived from the dorsal motor nucleus (DMV) of the vagus nerve provide parasympathetic motor input for the gastrointestinal system such as the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, as well as the gallbladder and pancreas
.
These DMV neurons and enteric neurons regulate various digestive processes, including gastric contraction, relaxation and acid secretion, pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretions, gallbladder contraction and bowel movement
.
The One to All model can explain the coordinated interaction of DMV neurons to regulate the "rest and digest" response
.
Although most DMV neurons release the same neurotransmitter acetylcholine, DMV neurons exert different—and sometimes opposite—effects by participating in different groups of enteric neurons
.
Obviously, the One to All model is not applicable anymore! In July 2021, the Bradford B.
Lowell research team of Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center revealed from the genetic level the specific neurons that selectively innervate the gastric body in the DMV region, and discovered the relationship between the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the gastrointestinal system.
The “labeled line” model in time: Different DMV neuron subtypes control different digestive processes by targeting different enteric neuron subtypes
.
The experimental procedure for identifying neuronal subtypes in the DMV region.
Researchers used the Chat-cre (cholinergic, cholinergic) tool mouse combined with the cre virus strategy to specifically label the neurons in the DMV region and perform single-cell sequencing
.
Through cluster analysis, it was found that there are 8 types of neurons with specific molecular markers in this area, namely: Grp, Gm4881, Atf3, Nppb, Trpv1, CCK, PYDN labeled neurons, one of which is called hypoglossal choline Nerve neurons, from cholinergic neurons in the adjacent hypoglossal nucleus
.
The distribution of CCK and PYDN positive neuron groups in DMV brain regions.
They took the CCK and PYDN gene neuron groups as the research target to detect whether these subtype neuron groups innervated different areas and exert different functions
.
In situ hybridization experiments found that most CCK-positive neurons are located in the rostral and middle parts of the DMV area, while most PYDN-positive neurons are located in the caudal and middle parts of the DMV area
.
Previous studies have shown that DMV neurons in the beak drive gastric contraction, and DMV neurons in the tail regulate gastric relaxation
.
The stomach of rodents is divided into two areas: the non-glandular stomach or the front stomach, which serves as a storage for food content, which has a non-secretory squamous epithelium similar to the esophagus; the glandular stomach, also known as the antrum, is useful The thick muscle wall used to mix food contents and the columnar glandular epithelium used to secrete acid, protein and hormones
.
Through virus tracing technology, it was found that cholinergic neurons in the DMV region innervated the two regions of the stomach
.
The neurons expressing CCK and PYDN only innervate the glandular stomach, not the pancreas and gallbladder
.
Enteric neurons in the stomach release nitric oxide for gastric relaxation or acetylcholine for gastric contraction and acid secretion
.
Enteric neurons in the stomach are cholinergic or nitric oxide neurons (release nitric oxide)
.
Cck+ DMV neurons selectively form nerve fibers around cholinergic enteric neurons, almost completely avoiding nitric oxide enteric neurons; while PYDN+ DMV neurons selectively form nerve fibers around nitric oxide enteric neurons, Almost completely avoid cholinergic enteric neurons
.
This indicates that independent and different subtypes of DMV neurons control different digestive functions by using uniquely functional enteric neurons
.
In summary, this article uses single-cell transcriptomics to determine seven different subtypes of DMV neurons and the genetic markers of each subtype
.
Two subtypes of DMV neurons, Cck+ and Pdyn+ innervate the same area of the digestive system, but form nerve fiber structures around different enteric neurons
.
[References] 1.
Tao et al.
, Highly selective brain-to-gut communication via genetically defined vagus neurons, Neuron (2021), https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2021.
05.
004 The pictures in the text are all From reference
