NEJM Review: How will coffee affect our health?

Guide: Drinking 3 to 5 standard cups of coffee a day can reduce the risk of several chronic diseasesCoffee and tea are among the most popular beverages in the world!---- Because it contains a lot of caffeine, people often drink to wake up and improve productivityThere has long been concern that coffee and caffeine increase the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseaseBut recent studies have found that in addition to caffeine, coffee also contains polyphenols, alkaloids, vitamins and other bioactive substances that can reduce oxidative stress, improve gut microbes, and regulate glucose and fat metabolismOn July 23rd researchers from the National University of Singapore published a review in The New England Of Medicine, which provides a more comprehensive overview of the metabolism of coffee and caffeine in the human body, physiological and toxic effects, its association with the risk of chronic diseases, and the effects of caffeine intake during pregnancyThe following details: DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra 1816604 caffeine metabolism, physiological and toxic effects caffeine in the body, will be in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzyme decomposition, metabolized into uric acid excretionIts half-life in adults is usually 2.5 to 4.5 hours, with large differences between individualsOn the one hand, the activity of caffeine metabolite enzymes is genetically affected, on the other hand, cardiovascular and antidepressant treatment and other drugs also compete for the same metabolic liver enzymes to slow the removal of caffeineTherefore, the interaction with caffeine should be considered when taking medicationStudies have shown that the accumulation of adenosine in the brain increases a person's drowsinessIn medium doses (40 to 300 mg) of caffeine can be antagonistic with adenosine, reducing fatigue and improving responsivenessAdding 100 to 130 mg of caffeine to analgesics can also help to increase pain reliefBut when habitual caffeine intake suddenly stops, it can cause headaches, fatigue and low mood symptoms that last 2-9 daysOf course, high caffeine intake can also produce some side effects, including anxiety, restlessness, insomnia and so onToxic effects occur when intake reaches or exceeds 1.2g, and death can occur when intake reaches 10 to 14 gThe sources of caffeine content in common foods, beverages and over-the-counter medications and the effects of average daily intake in adolescents and middle-aged people on risks such as chronic diseases, cancer, weight, and nervous system show no significant correlation between coffee consumption and increased risk of high blood pressure But in a randomized trial, eating large amounts of unfiltered coffee (six standard cups per day) increased LDL cholesterol levels by 17.8 mg /dL, which in turn increased the risk of cardiovascular disease by 11% Therefore, limiting the amount of unfiltered coffee may help control serum cholesterol levels Studies from other human trials and cohorts have also shown that drinking up to six standard cups of caffeinated filtered coffee a day does not increase the risk of atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease and stroke cardiovascular disease Drinking 3-5 cups of coffee a day can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and death Analysis of metabolism found that caffeine can improve energy balance by reducing appetite, increasing underlying metabolic rates and food-induced heat production, and that its intake can slightly help control weight gain In addition, a blood glucose assessment found that caffeine intake reduced insulin sensitivity in the short term, but consumption of caffeinated coffee (4 to 5 cups per day) for up to 6 months did not affect insulin resistance, regardless of whether the coffee contained caffeine, habitual consumption and a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in the dose-response relationship The effects of caffeine intake on the health of various organs of the human body in many studies of the associated effects of caffeine intake and cancer have been found to be no correlation between coffee and caffeine intake and increased cancer incidence or cancer mortality, whereas coffee intake reduces the risk of skin cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer and gallbladder cancer Caffeine and polyphenols in coffee also fight liver fat degeneration and fibrosis, reducing the risk of cirrhosis Caffeine intake also has a positive effect on neurological disorders, and studies have found a strong negative correlation between intake and the risk of Parkinson's disease Caffeine can prevent Parkinson's disease in animal models by inhibiting the neurotoxic effects of the black striatum dopamine and the neurodegeneration caused by adenosine A2A receptor antagonism Caffeine intake also reduces the risk of depression and suicide, while drinking two to five standard cups of coffee a day reduces overall mortality What happens to caffeine consumption during pregnancy? Forward-looking studies have found that higher caffeine intake is associated with a higher risk of pregnancy abortion and lower birth weight Caffeine may cause uterine placental vasoconstriction and hypoxia by increasing catecholamine levels in the mother and fetus Although evidence of the adverse effects of caffeine on fetal health is inconclusive, caution is recommended to limit caffeine intake to 200 mg/day during pregnancy In summary, the review summarizes a wealth of evidence that drinking caffeinated coffee does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer Conversely, drinking 3 to 5 standard cups of coffee a day can reduce the risk of several chronic diseases and be beneficial to the human body However, excessive caffeine intake can have a variety of adverse effects Therefore, the appropriate amount of coffee or tea can be put on the agenda, remember not to be greedy cup Oh.