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Written | Edited by Andy | Typeset by Wang Cong | Water-borne bacteria are everywhere, not only on the bathroom or kitchen counter, but also in the human body, including tumors suitable for the growth of microbiota.
These "small ecology" are even the key to regulating cancer drug therapies, and knowing more about them can help develop new life-saving therapies.
What happens when there are different strains of bacteria in the same system? Do they coexist? Will the strongest survive? Recently, researchers from the University of California, San Diego published a research paper titled Survival of the weakest in non-transitive asymmetric interactions among strains of E.
coli in Nature Communications.
The research team studied the above problems and they designed Three strains of Escherichia coli (E.
coli), so that each strain produces a toxin that can kill another strain, just like scissors-rock-cloth.
, By (1) inhibiting protein production; (2) digesting genomic DNA; (3) destroying cell membranes, they restrict each other and interact cyclically.
The researchers mixed these three populations together and let them grow on a petri dish for several weeks.
When they checked again, they noticed that in multiple experiments, the same population would occupy the entire surface and not the strongest (the most effective strain of toxins).
They were curious about the possible reasons for this result and designed an experiment to reveal the hidden dynamics in the game.
There are two assumptions: either the strongest bacterial population will win, or the weakest bacterial population will win.
Their experiments showed that, surprisingly, the second hypothesis is correct: the weakest bacterial population always end up occupying the entire petri dish.
Going back to the scissors-rock-cloth metaphor, if they assume that the "rock" strain of E.
coli has the strongest toxin, it will quickly kill the "scissors" strain.
Since the "scissors" strain is the only strain that can kill the "cloth" strain, the "cloth" strain has no rivals now.
It is free to eat the "stone" strain slowly over a period of time, and the "stone" strain cannot defend itself.
In order to clarify the mechanism behind this phenomenon, the researchers also developed a mathematical model that can simulate the battle between three bacterial groups by starting from a variety of patterns and densities.
The model can show the behavior of bacteria in a variety of situations with common spatial patterns such as stripes, isolated clusters and concentric circles.
Only when the strains are initially distributed in the form of concentric rings and the strongest in the middle, is the strongest strain likely to take over the plate.
It is estimated that the number of microorganisms in the human body exceeds 10:1 of human cells, and several diseases have been attributed to imbalances in various microbial communities.
The imbalance in the gut microbiome is related to several metabolic and inflammatory diseases, cancer and even depression.
The research team's ongoing research may help lay the foundation for one day to transform a healthy synthetic microbiome that can be used to deliver active compounds to treat various metabolic diseases or diseases and tumors.
Bacterial communities occupy countless different ecological niches and play an important role in the process from nutrient cycling to regulating human health.
Although the ability to build strong bacterial communities may lead to major advancements in areas such as recycling, sustainability, and healthcare, the underlying mechanisms of species diversity and stability are still not well understood.
The study proved the feasibility of using engineered synthetic ecology to simplify complex community relationships in order to study the potential mechanisms that may lead to community stability and maintenance of diversity.
Due to the huge diversity of species and the extensive competition strategies adopted by organisms in nature, they hypothesized that the dynamics of natural competition may be unbalanced.
Unlike the perfectly balanced rock-scissors-cloth game where three species kill each other at equal speeds, they focus on describing an asymmetric system in which the relative competitive advantage between each predator-prey pair is different.
Here, they prove that when relative competitive advantages are not balanced, non-transmissibility cannot promote biodiversity for a long time.
Therefore, they believe that asymmetric non-transitive ecology is a useful basic model for studying the complex interactions between competing bacterial species.
Using their three-strain ecology, they experimentally proved that the weakest species is the most likely to win an evenly distributed rock-cloth-scissors game.
Interestingly, they showed that asymmetric ecology can develop a steady-state coexistence, and the relative toxin intensity between the three species determines the scope of the coexistence space.
Contrary to intuition, under the same uniform distribution initial conditions, their model predicts that the producer of the strongest toxin will never win.
Contrary to the pairwise competition, in the pairwise competition, the producer of the strongest toxin has a competitive advantage, while in the non-transmissive group, the producer of the strongest toxin is at an evolutionary disadvantage.
This may be an important selective force against the continuous evolution of increasingly lethal war chemicals in microorganisms, leading to an increase in the diversity of chemical substances, which are restricted to specific toxin strength parameters.
The role of toxin-mediated competition in community stability can also explain the relative abundance of membrane-targeted DNA or ribosome-targeted bacterial toxins observed in bacterial communities.
Finally, they also observed that the steady-state results of the system can be changed by changing the initial strain distribution pattern.
In general, this research provides a mathematical model and engineering framework to study the interaction of competition, and ultimately serve as a guide for designing stable communities, or gain the ability to predict community stability.
Original link: https://
These "small ecology" are even the key to regulating cancer drug therapies, and knowing more about them can help develop new life-saving therapies.
What happens when there are different strains of bacteria in the same system? Do they coexist? Will the strongest survive? Recently, researchers from the University of California, San Diego published a research paper titled Survival of the weakest in non-transitive asymmetric interactions among strains of E.
coli in Nature Communications.
The research team studied the above problems and they designed Three strains of Escherichia coli (E.
coli), so that each strain produces a toxin that can kill another strain, just like scissors-rock-cloth.
, By (1) inhibiting protein production; (2) digesting genomic DNA; (3) destroying cell membranes, they restrict each other and interact cyclically.
The researchers mixed these three populations together and let them grow on a petri dish for several weeks.
When they checked again, they noticed that in multiple experiments, the same population would occupy the entire surface and not the strongest (the most effective strain of toxins).
They were curious about the possible reasons for this result and designed an experiment to reveal the hidden dynamics in the game.
There are two assumptions: either the strongest bacterial population will win, or the weakest bacterial population will win.
Their experiments showed that, surprisingly, the second hypothesis is correct: the weakest bacterial population always end up occupying the entire petri dish.
Going back to the scissors-rock-cloth metaphor, if they assume that the "rock" strain of E.
coli has the strongest toxin, it will quickly kill the "scissors" strain.
Since the "scissors" strain is the only strain that can kill the "cloth" strain, the "cloth" strain has no rivals now.
It is free to eat the "stone" strain slowly over a period of time, and the "stone" strain cannot defend itself.
In order to clarify the mechanism behind this phenomenon, the researchers also developed a mathematical model that can simulate the battle between three bacterial groups by starting from a variety of patterns and densities.
The model can show the behavior of bacteria in a variety of situations with common spatial patterns such as stripes, isolated clusters and concentric circles.
Only when the strains are initially distributed in the form of concentric rings and the strongest in the middle, is the strongest strain likely to take over the plate.
It is estimated that the number of microorganisms in the human body exceeds 10:1 of human cells, and several diseases have been attributed to imbalances in various microbial communities.
The imbalance in the gut microbiome is related to several metabolic and inflammatory diseases, cancer and even depression.
The research team's ongoing research may help lay the foundation for one day to transform a healthy synthetic microbiome that can be used to deliver active compounds to treat various metabolic diseases or diseases and tumors.
Bacterial communities occupy countless different ecological niches and play an important role in the process from nutrient cycling to regulating human health.
Although the ability to build strong bacterial communities may lead to major advancements in areas such as recycling, sustainability, and healthcare, the underlying mechanisms of species diversity and stability are still not well understood.
The study proved the feasibility of using engineered synthetic ecology to simplify complex community relationships in order to study the potential mechanisms that may lead to community stability and maintenance of diversity.
Due to the huge diversity of species and the extensive competition strategies adopted by organisms in nature, they hypothesized that the dynamics of natural competition may be unbalanced.
Unlike the perfectly balanced rock-scissors-cloth game where three species kill each other at equal speeds, they focus on describing an asymmetric system in which the relative competitive advantage between each predator-prey pair is different.
Here, they prove that when relative competitive advantages are not balanced, non-transmissibility cannot promote biodiversity for a long time.
Therefore, they believe that asymmetric non-transitive ecology is a useful basic model for studying the complex interactions between competing bacterial species.
Using their three-strain ecology, they experimentally proved that the weakest species is the most likely to win an evenly distributed rock-cloth-scissors game.
Interestingly, they showed that asymmetric ecology can develop a steady-state coexistence, and the relative toxin intensity between the three species determines the scope of the coexistence space.
Contrary to intuition, under the same uniform distribution initial conditions, their model predicts that the producer of the strongest toxin will never win.
Contrary to the pairwise competition, in the pairwise competition, the producer of the strongest toxin has a competitive advantage, while in the non-transmissive group, the producer of the strongest toxin is at an evolutionary disadvantage.
This may be an important selective force against the continuous evolution of increasingly lethal war chemicals in microorganisms, leading to an increase in the diversity of chemical substances, which are restricted to specific toxin strength parameters.
The role of toxin-mediated competition in community stability can also explain the relative abundance of membrane-targeted DNA or ribosome-targeted bacterial toxins observed in bacterial communities.
Finally, they also observed that the steady-state results of the system can be changed by changing the initial strain distribution pattern.
In general, this research provides a mathematical model and engineering framework to study the interaction of competition, and ultimately serve as a guide for designing stable communities, or gain the ability to predict community stability.
Original link: https://
