Nat Commun: Nicotine promotes lung metastasis in breast cancer by recruiting N2 neuxual granulocytes

Neusophils (PMNs) are the most abundant white blood cells in the blood circulation (50-70%) and play a vital role in inflammatory response and host-protected microbial infections.
recent studies have shown that neophils are thought to be part of an immune response that regulates tumor growth and metastasis.
, however, the exact role of neophils in tumor development has been debated because neophils have also been shown to have anti-tumor properties.
growing evidence that the long-term effects of environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke can have adverse effects on congenital and adaptive immune systems and are harmful to the immunity and health of smokers.
addition, smoking can induce the occurrence of EMT processes in lung cancer by activating signaling paths such as STAT3, AKT and NF-kB.
interesting is that although cigarettes are non-carcinogenic, nicotine, the main addictive ingredient in cigarettes, promotes the development of cancer.
strong indications are that nicotine significantly promotes immunosuppression induced by cigarette smoke by reducing the activity of NK cells, the proliferation of T cells, the antigen processing activity of macrophages, and the number of degenerative cells.
nicotine induces neugenic granulocytes to promote the formation of pre-lung ecological levels, epidemiological studies have also shown a significant correlation between smoking/nicotine and increased risk of various cancers.
and studies have shown a significant correlation between smoking and an increased burden of lung metastasis in women with leaching breast cancer.
, however, little is known about the recessive effects of nicotine and its potentially direct role in lung metastasis in breast cancer.
the study, researchers confirmed that long-term intake of nicotine plays a key role in the formation of pre-lung metastasis in breast cancer by raising tumor N2-neuerative granulocytes.
This pre-metastatic nietoe promotes the release of STAT3-activated LCON2 (lipocalin 2), a glycoprotein secreted by N2-neuar-narcolatic granulocytes, and induces interstitial-supersethic (EMT) transformation of tumor cells, ultimately promoting the implantation and metastatic growth of tumor cells.
further studies of nicotine-induced lung metastasis have shown elevated levels of LN2 in serum and urine in early breast cancer patients and cancer-free women with a history of smoking, suggesting that LKN2 can be a potential prognostic biological marker for predicting an increased risk of metastasis in female smokers.
addition, the natural compound salidroside is effective in eliminating nicotine-induced neutral granulocyte polarization, thereby reducing lung metastasis in hormone-negative breast cancer cells.
In summary, the results show that nicotine can induce N2-neutrophil-mediated lung metastasis of breast cancer cells, and shed light on the therapeutic use of the natural compound erythroid glycoside to enhance the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils in breast cancer patients.