May 22, 2020 Science Journal Essence, Chinese scientists published three Science Papers in the same period

May 24, 2020 /
PRNewswire
BIOON/--- this week, a new issue of the Journal of Science (May 22, 2020) is there any thing that's fascinating about it? Let the little make-up come togetherimages from the Journal of Science1.
Science: Now a human trial of the COVID-19 vaccine can be conducted ethically
doi:10.1126/science.abc1076
led by Thebioethicist Seema Shah of Northwestern University in the United States, a panel of experts published a policy forum paper entitled "Ethics of human control of the human source to study COVID-19" and they believe that the possible VID-19 vaccine can be tested ethically in humansSuch tests will involve exposing volunteers to the virus after vaccination to see if the vaccine can prevent infectionfor hundreds of years, medical scientists have been conducting controlled human infections (CHI) studies, also known as human challenge trials, as part of efforts to slow or stop the spread of diseaseIn most cases, however, more is known about the previous pathogen threat than about SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that starting a CHI study on COVID-19 may be ethicalIn their paper, Shah and her colleagues argue that CHI research can now be conducted in an ethical manner, and that it makes sense because of the severity of the outbreakThe framework they proposed first recognized the social value that such research could bring, which would greatly accelerate the development of the COVID-19 vaccineWithout it, they say, hundreds of thousands of people would have died in the coming months and years--- could have been saved if it had been givenThe panel also recommended that such research be conducted ethically and needed to be coordinated and monitored by respected bodies such as the World Health Organizationthe panel also recommended that volunteers should be selected from a low-risk group that does not experience more serious symptoms of the disease, and that young, healthy adults without underlying diseases are good candidatesThey also recommend careful selection of the locations for such tests If volunteers develop more severe symptoms, these locations not only need to provide them with the best care, but they should also be able to protect health workers by creating an environment that is not crowded by other patients 2.
Science: Chinese scientists lead the way in finding that the protective gene Fhb7 in wild wheat grass can prevent sickle withering doi: 10.1126/science.aba5435; doi:10.1126/science.abb9991
In a new study, researchers from Shandong Agricultural University, Nooza Zhiyuan, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai University, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, USDA Research Institute, Purdue University and Haifa University in Israel have discovered a protective gene in wild wheat grass that is expected to prevent wheat and barley crops from developing sickle and sickwith The findings, published online April 9, 2020 in the journal Science, are titled "Horizontal Gene Transfer of Fhb7 from fungus under funs under Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat" In the paper, they describe how they discovered the gene and how it was better able to resist testing crops from fungal infections The paper is written by Dr Hongwei Wang of Shandong Agricultural University and Dr Lingrang Kong of Shandong Agricultural University the researchers found a disease-resistant gene, Fhb7, which appears to be more resistant to the disease-resistant fungus --- fusarium graminearum --- causing sickle withering in wild wheat grass study involved a very long-term study of a wheat grass called Thinopyrum elongatum The researchers have long found that the wheat grass is resistant to the bacteria But it took them nearly two decades to figure out how its gene, Fhb7, provided this resistance They found that it encodes an enzyme called glutathione S-transferase, which acts by degrading the toxins produced by the fungus that can cause crops to wilt 3.
Science: COVID-19 or seasonal recurrence, summer heat will not make it die! doi:10.1126/science.abb5793
Harvard researchers studied the common cold for clues about how the COVID-19 virus might behave The findings were written by scientists from the Department of Epidemiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health and published recently in the journal Science Researchers led by postdoctoral Stephen Kissler and phdaling student Christine Tedijanto used close relatives of SARS-CoV-2 to simulate its behavior in the coming months SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that causes COVID-19 HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 viruses spread regularly and cause the common cold The researchers used them to build a model that looked at the potential seasonality, the effects of social alienation strategies, and the role of viruses in future disease-causing disease The researchers say the ideas don't take into account how a vaccine or treatment would affect the outcome if it were developed -- because neither approach seems to be coming up immediately in each simulated scenario, they found that warm weather did not stop the spread This is because, in the case of the common cold, most people usually get sick in the spring and develop immunity However, with SARS-CoV-2, enough people may still be susceptible to infection, even when transmission decreases during warmer months another unknown factor about this new coronavirus is how long immunity can be maintained after infection Short-term immunity like a cold lasts less than a year and, after the initial pandemic peak, leads to an annual outbreak of COVID-19 On the other hand, permanent immunity will eliminate the spread of the virus within 5 years or more of the initial outbreak researchers also looked at the effects of single and multiple social estrangement on maintaining patient numbers so that the health care system can cope The most effective intervention, Kissler said, is a series of periods of social alienation, coupled with effective detection to monitor the recurrence of the disease, in order to re-establish measures before cases overwhelm the entire system Not only did this lead to the fewest deaths, but it also led to people gradually gaining immunity to the virus, the researchers said 4.Science: Global Threat swarms of arsenic contamination in groundwater
doi: 10.1126/science.aba1510; doi:10.1126/science.abb9746
arsenic is a metabolic poison that is found in trace amounts in most rock materials and can accumulate in aquifers under specific natural conditions, causing adverse health effects Podgorski and Berg used measurements of arsenic in groundwater in about 80 previous studies to train a machine learning model with a global lymme of prediction variables, including climate, soil, and topography The global map of the output reveals the potential hazards of arsenic contamination in groundwater, even if arsenic measurements are rarely or noly reported in many places The areas at highest risk include southern and central Asia and South America Understanding the dangers of arsenic is particularly important in areas where water safety is currently or in the future 5 Two Science papers published by Chinese scientists using DNA bricks to build carbon nano
tube transistors doi: 10.1126/science.aaz7440; doi:10.1126/science.aaz7435
semi-conductive carbon nano-
tube (CNT) is an attractive platform for field effects (CNTs) because they may outperform silicon Challenges to achieve excellent performance include building highly arranged and dense nano-
tube arrays, and removing coatings that increase contact resistance Sun et al have achieved the arrangement of carbon nanotubes by wrapping carbon nanotubes with single-stranded DNA handles and binding them to DNA "origami" bricks to form an array of channels with precise pipe-to-tube spacing as small as 10.4 nanometers Zhao et al then built single-channel and multi-channel FETs by attaching these channel arrays to polymer template silicon chips After adding metal contacts to the carbon nanotubes to secure them to the substrate, they washed all the DNA and deposited the electrodes and gate dielectrics These FETs exhibit high on performance and fast pass-through switching 6.Science: Exploring the thermal sensitivity of tropical trees
doi: 10.1126/science.aaw7578 A key uncertainty in the climate change model is the thermal sensitivity of tropical forests and how this value may affect carbon flux Sullivan et al measured the carbon reserves and flux of permanent forest plots spread around the world This comprehensive study of land networks across climate and biogeographic gradients shows that the thermal sensitivity of forests is largely determined by high daytime temperatures This extreme condition inhibits the growth rate of trees and shortens the amount of time carbon stays in the ecosystem by killing them in hot and dry conditions The effects of temperatureare are more severe than 32 degrees Celsius, so the greater the magnitude of climate change, the greater the loss of carbon reserves in tropical forests However, forest carbon stocks are likely to continue to increase under mild climate change conditions if forests are not directly affected by deforestation, logging or fires 7.Science: When pollen is scarce, bumblebees destroy plant leaves to promote their early flowering
doi: 10.1126/science.aay0496; doi:10.1126/science.abc2451
bumblebees rely heavily on pollen resources to obtain the necessary nutrients when establishing summer bees Therefore, we may expect that the annual difference in the availability of these resources must be tolerated, but observations by Pashalidou et al suggest that bumblebees may have strategies to cope with irregular seasonal flowering When there is a pollen shortage, bumblebees actively destroy plant leaves in a characteristic way, which causes flowering to be pushed forward by as much as 30 days The experimenters were unable to replicate the results entirely with their destructive behavior, suggesting that bees had a unique way to stimulate plants to flower early 8.Science: Reveals the transport function of cystic glutamate transportprotein in different environments
doi: 10.1126/science.aba9202
transport protein moves the substrate across the membrane, usually coupling this transport activity with the gradient of cell ion concentration After the action potential is generated, the synaptic cystic bubble sits in fusion with the mass film For neurotransmitter transportproteins that reside in synaptic vesicles, their transport activity needs to be regulated so that they do not pump out neurotransmitters when the vesicle siest Li et al used a cryogenic electron mirror to parse the structure of the rat cystic glutamate transport protein, revealing some of the unique features of its normal operation in two different cellular environments A deconstructed pH sensor, known as glutamate residue, controls the binding of glutamate substrates while allowing the binding and reverse flow of chloride ions This molecular traffic light allows a single ion channel to exhibit appropriate behavior in different environments 9.Science: Cytotoxic T-Cells Release Sormolecule Attack Complex Particle Killer Target Cell doi: 10.1126/science.aay9207
Cytotoxic T-Cells (CTL) are on the front lines against cancer and chronic infections T cells kill by secreting granzyme, which activates caspase, and perforin, a perforin protein in dense core particles However, the structural basis of this lethal killing remains unknown Balint et al enriched the synaptic output of CTL to study the release of perforated proteins and granulase B They found that CTL releases perforated proteins and granulases in the form of particles in stable supramolecular attack complexs (supramolecular attack complex, SMAP) SMAP consists of a nuclear shell structure that is assembled in the dense secretion particles of the CTL before release The released SMAP shows the natural ability to kill target cells (Bio Valley Bioon.com)