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Similar to other invertebrates, horseshoe crabs lack an acquired immune system, but have a variety of defense systems
Over the course of long biological evolution, horseshoe blood cells have developed a coagulation system
This pathogen-provoked coagulation response is important not only for hemostasis, but also for host defense
Hemolymphalymoid studies in invertebrates have been studied for more than a hundred years, but the immune response mechanisms in which they are involved are poorly understood and very unsystematic