Highlights to be read in the October 2020 issue of Science

October 31, 2020 / --- October 2020 is coming to an end, what are the highlights of the October issue of Science worth learning? The editor-in-chief has organized this and shared it with you.
1.Science: Most people produce a strong antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, and the antibody response remains relatively stable for at least five months doi:10.1126/science.abd7728 In a new study, researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai found that the vast majority of people infected with mild to moderate COVID-19 develop a strong antibody response that remains relatively stable for at least five months.
, they also found that this antibody response was associated with the body's ability to menilise (or kill) SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 disease.
study was published online October 28, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Robust neutralizing antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2 infected for months."
activity in serum samples was associated with ELISA titration.
images from Science, 2020, doi:10.1126/science.abd7728. Co-author dr Florian Krammer, co-author of the
paper and professor of vaccines at mount Sinai's Icahn School of Medicine, said: "While some reports suggest that antibodies against the virus will soon disappear, we find the opposite: more than 90 percent of people with mild or moderate illnesses produce antibody reactions that are sufficient to moderate the virus, and that the antibody response lasts for several months."
found that the robustness of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, including its persistence and neutrality, is critical to enable us to effectively monitor sero-positive rates in the community and determine the duration and level of antibodies that protect us from re-infection.
is critical to effective vaccine development.
"2.ScienceDaily: Heavy! New research reshaping our understanding of the gut microbiome doi:10.1126/science.aay7367; doi:10.1126/science.abe7194 The human gut is home to microorganisms that number more than 10 times as many cells as we do.
Now, in a new study, researchers from the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and others have redefined how the so-called gut microbiome works and how our bodies coexist with some of the 100 trillion bacteria that make up the gut microbiome.
the results of the study, published in the October 23, 2020 issue of the journal Science, are titled "Proximal colon-derived O-glycosylated mucus encapsulates and modulates the microbiota."
Using a research model, a team led by Dr. Lijun Xia of the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation found that the gut microbiome controls the production of a particular layer of sugar-rich mucus, which wraps in feces and then moves together.
found that the mucus was not static as previously thought, but acted as a barrier between bacteria in feces and thousands of immune cells in the colon.
if there is no mucus, the whole system will lose its balance.
, "The colon is not only a digestive organ, but also an immune organ."
our gut microbiomes begin to develop from the moment we are born and change through our lives.
it is essential for the growth and maturation of our body's accessive immune system.
when it is not well developed or cared for, it cannot play its due role, leading to disease.
"3.Science: When the squeeze is felt, the nuclei guide the cells away from the crowded space doi:10.1126/science.aba2644; doi:10.1126/science.abe3881 The threat of severe deformation triggers a rapid escape reflex that causes the cells to move away from the confined space or crowded tissue.
In a new study, researchers from the Barcelona Institute of Technology, the University of Pompe fabra and the University of Applied Sciences in Upper Austria revealed that squeezing cells to the point where their nuclei begin to stretch triggers the activation of motor proteins, which in turn alters the cell's cytostebrae, allowing it to escape crowded environments.
study was published in the October 16, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "The nucleus measures shape changes for cellular proprio to control dynamic cell behavior."
each cell has a nucleocle, and each nucleocle has a membrane that separates the chromosome from the rest of the cell.
at rest, the nucleofilm is loose, like a loose shopping bag.
Now, in this new study, the researchers found that when the nucleofilm is squeezed, the folds on its surface iron themselves, triggering a chain of events that alter the cytostructum and ultimately help cells escape the crowded environment. "Our study represents a conceptual change: the nuclei themselves are not just a static container of genetic material, but a dynamic sensor that cells can use to perceive their surroundings," said Valeria Venturini, lead author of the
paper and a doctoral student at the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology.
the intensity of the nuclear extrusive cell can predict the intensity of the reaction, which provides new revelations about this 'fight or flight' reflex at the single-cell level.
ability to understand this perceived deformation, measure it, and respond accordingly may be important for understanding processes such as cancer growth and steady state.
"4.Science: The nuclei of cells are like a ruler that adjusts the cell's response to crowded spaces doi:10.1126/science.aba2894; Doi:10.1126/science.abe3881 In a new study, researchers from Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Russia and the United States built artificial micro-environments to simulate what tumor cells and immune cells experience in crowded tissues in order to test the hypothesis that cells have the ability to detect and respond to changes in their shape caused by the environment.
combined with dynamic limits, force measurements, and live cell imaging, they were able to quantify how cells reacted when their shape was physically disturbed by precise control.
the results of the study, published in the October 16, 2020 issue of The Nucleus acts as a ruler tailoring cell responses to spatial constraints.
images from Science, 2020, doi:10.1126/science.aba2894.
the researchers' findings show that while cells are surprisingly resistant to compression, when they deform at a certain height, they monitor their shape and produce a positive contraction response.
notable, they found that this was achieved by cells monitoring the deformation of --- cell nucleosis --- largest internal chamber.
determined that the nucleocle provides a way for cells to accurately measure how deformed they are.
once the cell squeezes beyond the size of the nucleosis, this causes the bounding nuclear envelope to expand and stretch.
when the nucleus reaches a fully expanded state, the contraction reaction begins.
the mechanical state of the nucleofilm and its membranes allows calcium to be released from internal membrane storage and activates calcium-dependent phospholipase cPLA2.
known to function as a molecular sensor for nuclear membrane stress, and is also a key regulatory factor for signal transduction and metabolism.
-activated cPLA2 catalyses the formation of an omega-6 fatty acid called peanut tyrene acid, which, among other processes, enhances the activity of adenosine triphosphate in myoglobin II.
this induces the contraction of the actomyosin cortex, generating thrust to resist physical extrusion and rapidly pushing cells out of the crowded micro-environment in which it is located in the "escape from reflection" mechanism.
5.Science: Overturning the Norm! Cells use lipid droplets to protect against viral and bacterial infection mechanisms doi:10.1126/science.aay8085; Doi:10.1126/science.abe7891 In a new study, researchers from several Research Institutes in Spain describe a new mechanism of immune defense.
this mechanism is coordinated by cells that attract and remove --- pathogens, lipid droplets --- completely.
study was published in the October 16, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the title "The Language lipid droplets are innate immune hubs integrating cell cell metabolism and host".
lipid droplets are the cysts that accumulate nutrients in our cells that provide the necessary energy for cell function in the form of fat.
, for example, provide energy for the beating of the heart, the metabolic function of the liver, or the movement of the muscles.
, co-author of the paper, said: "Fat droplets are like the storage room of our cells, where we accumulate the food we need to use later.
this occurs in all my nucleic cells, from yeast or insects to plants or mammals.
when viruses or bacteria infect host cells, they need a lot of nutrients to multiply and get them to fat droplets," he said.
In the new study, the researchers found that in response to infection, fat droplets assemble antibiotics and antiviral proteins together to form compounds in which antibiotics and antiviral proteins work together to fight pathogens and destroy them.
is a mechanism that works in all cells in the body, not just immune system cells such as macrophages.
also been observed in insects, demonstrating its importance in the evolution of our innology immunity.
6.Science: The new study details metabolomic characteristics in normal and failed hearts in humans Doi:10.1126/science.abc8861 In a new study, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia provide details of fuel and nutrients used by the human heart.
the study, the first of its kind, simultaneously sampled blood from different parts of the circulatory system of dozens of human participants to record the levels of molecules associated with the flowing heart into and out of the beating heart.
the resulting data reveal key characteristics of normal heart and failed heart fuel use, thus establishing a new framework for studying health and diseased hearts.
study was published in the October 16, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the title "Comprehensive quantification of fuel use by the failing and nonfailing human heart."
"Understanding how the heart handles fuels and nutrients at this level of detail should provide information for future development of treatments for heart failure and related diseases," said Dr. Zoltan Arany, co-author of the paper and director of the Cardiovascular Metabolism Program at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine.
now, we have a clear understanding of how the heart fuels itself, and we can focus on designing ways to improve heart metabolism in patients with heart failure.
"7.Science: A Major Breakthrough! The protein Neuropilin-1 promotes the entry and infection of new coronavirus into and out of human cells doi:10.1126/science.abd2985 The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is now raging around the world.
it is well known that SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells through the subject ACE2.
In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as the German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, the University of Technology Munich, the University of G?ttingen Medical Center and the University of Helsinki in Finland found that neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a factor that promotes SARS-CoV-2 into the cells.
NRP1 is located in the respiratory tract and olfactory overdrive, which may be one