Highlights to be read in the December 2020 issue of Science

December 30, 2020 / --- December 2020 is coming to an end, what are the highlights of the December issue of Science worth learning? The editor-in-chief has organized this and shared it with you.
1.Science Heavy Paper Details! For the first time, new research has identified a candidate drug, doi:10.1126/science.abd0724 calcified aortic valve disease, which is not only the most common heart valve disease in the elderly, but also the third most common cause of heart disease.
for those affected, calcium begins to build up in their heart valves and blood vessels over time until they harden like bones.
, blood flowing from the heart pump chamber to the body is hampered, leading to heart failure.
, however, there is no medical treatment.
can do is wait for calcification (or hardening) to the extent that surgery is needed to replace the heart valve.
In a new study, after 15 years of hard work, researchers from the Gladston Institute in the United States have now identified a potential candidate for heart valve disease that works in both human cells and animals and is ready for clinical trials.
results were published online December 10, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Network-base screen in ipsC-derived cells reveals candidate for heart heart disease."
gene network correction molecule XCT790 prevents and treats aortic valve disease in the body, in this image from Science, 2020, doi:10.1126/science.abd0724.
"The disease is usually diagnosed at an early stage, and as we age, the calcification of the heart valve worsens over the life of the patient," said Dr. Deepak Srivastava, co-author of the paper, president of the Gladston Institute and director of the Gladenberry Stem Cell Center at the Gladston Institute.
if we could intervene with effective drugs early in life, we could prevent disease.
by simply slowing the progression of the disease and ageing those in need of intervention by 5 or 10 years, we may be able to avoid tens of thousands of surgical valve replacements per year.
"2.Science: New study assembles improved rhesus monkey reference genome doi:10.1126/science.abc6617 In a new study, a large research team from the United States, Italy and Germany has improved the assembly of the rhesus monkey reference genome.
study was published in the December 18, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the title "Sequence diversity analyses of an improved rhesus macaque genome enhance its biomedical utility".
paper, they describe the use of advanced sequencing techniques to build the rhesus monkey reference genome and why they think the new reference genome will be so important to medical scientists.
as these researchers point out, rhesus monkeys are the most commonly studied animal models in medical science because their biological characteristics overlap with those of humans.
, for example, through the study of rhesus monkeys, people have a better understanding of HIV and how to treat people infected with HIV.
species has also played a significant role in work related to the Ebola vaccine and in the development of treatments for neurological diseases.
they also point out that such studies have relied on rhesus monkey genome data since 2007.
they further point out that the technology used to sequence the genome has improved significantly over the past decade, so the time seems ripe to improve the reference genomes of rhesus monkeys.
study involved using the latest tools in the field to improve proximity -- a 120-fold increase in the study.
the researchers also annotated the genome using 6.5 million full-length transcripts.
addition, they sequenced the entire genome of tissue samples from 853 experimental rhesus monkeys and found about 10.5 million inserted or missing (indel) variants -- and nearly 86 million single nucleotide variants.
believe that such variants, especially those caused by injury, could be used by medical experts to better understand the nature of autism and other neurologically based developmental diseases in humans.
also filled about 99.7 percent of the gaps in previous genome sequences.
3.Science: Revealing the development clock of mouse embryos and the mechanism of polarization from head cells doi:10.1126/science.abd2703 During pre-implantation development, the establishment of top-bottom cell polarity is the key to the transition from omnipotence to multi-energy, thereby inducing cell-to-nourishing exosperm differentiation.
in mouse embryos, the event was set to occur in eight cell stages, which followed an internal development clock, regardless of embryo size or cell cycle progress.
although the formation of the top region is important, the molecular mechanisms that establish cell polarization and time-regulation of this event are largely unknown in mouse and human embryos.
in different mammalian species, zygotic genomic activation (zygotic genome, ZGA) evolved conservatively before cell polarization was established.
, in a new study, researchers from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, the California Institute of Technology in the United States and Tsinghua University in China hypothesized the time at which the hen transcription regulates cell polarization.
to verify this, the authors used analytical methods to change the concentration of hetho transcripts in cells and to assess the effect of these changes on embryo polarization time.
they also performed RNA interference (RNAi) screening on transcripts of 124 heterocyte expressions to determine the molecular identity of ensete transcripts that are critical to cell polarization.
, they combined cutting-edge imaging methods with biophysical modeling to explain how their identified hetho transcripts regulate cell polarization from the beginning.
study was published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "Developmental clock and mechanism of de novo polarization of the mouse embryo".
4.Science: Using a gene interaction map to determine the overall structure of the protein complex doi:10.1126/science.aaz4910; Doi:10.1126/science.abf3863 Now, in a new study, researchers from the Gladston Institute in the United States and the University of California, San Francisco, have confirmed that a large-scale systematic genetic method does provide reliable and detailed information about the structure of protein complexes.
study was published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science under the title "Genetic interaction mapping information structure structure of the complex of protein."
use genetic interactions to determine the structure of protein complexes in the body, in this image from Science, 2020, doi:10.1126/science.aaz4910.
"Our technology allows us to collect large amounts of structural data from living cells to reflect how proteins work in their normal environment, rather than in artificial laboratory conditions," said Dr. Nevan Krogan, co-author of the paper, a senior fellow at the Glaston Institute and director of the Institute of Quantitative Biosciences at the University of California, San Francisco.
this was previously impossible to achieve on such a scale, it should greatly speed up the process of determining the structure of protein complexes, including those that are difficult to solve by traditional methods.
" approach builds on a technique called genetic interaction mapping pioneered by Krogan.
it screens thousands of gene mutation combinations in living cells, and in a relatively short period of time, it can reveal that the protein products of genes play a role in common cellular processes.
Krogan and his team improved the resolution of these screenings and successfully identified structural models of two protein complexes in yeast cells and a structural model of a protein complex in bacterial cells.
5.Science: For the first time, mouse embryonic stem cells were used to successfully construct an embryonic torso-like structure doi:10.1126/science.aba4937 In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Germany cultured mouse embryonic stem cells/"gt;stem cells" in a special gel, successfully creating a structure called embryonic trunk-like structure (embryonic trunk-like structure).
these TLS structures can develop pregeners of nerves, bones, cartilage and muscle tissue from cell blocks within five days.
allows us to explore the effects of drugs more effectively in the future, and the scale of this research is not possible in living organisms.
study was published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites."
these TLS structures are about a millimeter in size and have neural tubes from which the spinal cord develops.
addition, they also have somite, which are preludes to bones, cartilage, and muscles.
some TLS structures even develop premedates to internal organs such as the intestines.
about five days, the resemblance to normal development ends.
a new era," said Bernhard G. Herrmann, co-author of the paper and director of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics.
allows us to observe directly and continuously the embryos of mice, and there are a large number of parallel samples -- something that is not possible in animals.
"6.Science Paper Interpretation! CiBER-seq has been developed to simultaneously analyze up to 100 genes in cells: 10.1126/science.abb9662CRISPR-Cas9 makes it easy to knock out or adjust individual genes to determine their effects on organisms or cells, or even another gene.
, what if you could do thousands of experiments at a time, use CRISPR to adjust each gene in the genome one by one, and quickly see the effects of each gene? In a new study, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have developed an easy way to do this, allowing anyone to analyze cells, including human cells, and quickly determine the DNA sequences in the genome that regulate the expression of specific genes.
the results of the study, published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the Journal of Science, are titled "CiBER-seq dissects genetic networks by quantitative CRISPRi profiling of expressions" target "_blank" and "phenotypes".
this new technology, which Ingolia calls CIBER-seq (CRISPR with barcoded expression reporter sequencing), solves this problem by combining tens of thousands of CRISPR experiments and completing them at the same time.
technology eliminates fluorescence and uses deep sequencing to directly measure the increase or decrease in gene activity in the combined sample.
depth sequencing uses a new generation of high-volume, long-reading sequencing techniques to sequence and basically count all genes expressed in the combined sample.
Ingolia said, "In the combined CiBER-seq experiment, we were able to find all the upstream regulatory factors for several different target genes in a day, and if you're using fluorescence-based techniques, each target gene takes years to measure."
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